Food sensitivities and intolerances are common conditions that can significantly impact quality of life and overall health. While many food sensitivities and intolerances can exist, some of the most common include lactose, gluten, histamine, fructose, and FODMAPs.
While enzyme replacement can be helpful in some intolerances, dietary management including eliminating the offending agent is often required. Adhering to the necessary long-term dietary modifications requires targeted patient education and collaboration between the patient and healthcare providers to ensure successful management.
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Understanding Food Sensitivities and Intolerances
Food sensitivities and intolerances occur when individuals react adversely to certain foods or ingredients. They differ from food allergies, which involve an exaggerated immune response leading to severe symptoms such as hives or anaphylaxis.
Sensitivities and intolerances occur from a direct response within the gastrointestinal tract, like abnormal digestive factors, enzyme deficiencies, or other conditions. Sensitivities may involve a delayed response, making them more challenging to identify.
While food allergies necessitate complete avoidance of the offending agents, individuals with intolerances and sensitivities may be able to tolerate them in small amounts.
Symptoms and Effects
Common symptoms of food sensitivities and intolerances may include the following:
- Bloating
- Abdominal pain
- Diarrhea
- Constipation
- Headaches
- Skin rash
The Top 5 Common Food Sensitivities and Intolerances
While individuals can have a sensitivity or intolerance to any food, here are the top 5 most common ones that you may encounter:
Lactose Intolerance
Lactose intolerance results from deficient lactase levels, an enzyme that breaks down lactose, a sugar in milk and dairy products. It affects a significant portion of the global population, although the prevalence does vary, with some ethnicities at a higher risk.
The identification of lactose intolerance is made by clinical evaluation or may entail lactose tolerance tests or breath tests. Management of lactose intolerance often involves dietary modifications, including avoiding lactose or using supplemental lactase to assist digestion.
Gluten Sensitivity
Non-celiac gluten sensitivity occurs when individuals without celiac disease or gluten allergy experience adverse reactions to gluten. Common symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, fatigue, headaches, and joint pain. Unlike gluten allergy, non-celiac gluten sensitivity does not involve autoimmune reactions or severe damage to the gut mucosa.
Identifying gluten sensitivity can be challenging. While positive results of some tests may increase the likelihood that gluten sensitivity is present, there are no definitive diagnostic laboratory tests. Identifying gluten sensitivity often involves noting symptom resolution with a gluten-free diet.
Management of gluten sensitivity involves avoiding gluten-containing foods, such as wheat, barley, rye, malt, farro, and others. Gluten is often hidden in processed foods, so reading labels on food products and notifying restaurant staff of food intolerances is important when dining out.
Histamine Intolerance
Histamine intolerance occurs when histamine levels are higher than the body's ability to break it down, often due to lower activity of the diamine oxidase (DAO) enzyme. Common symptoms of histamine intolerance are headaches, nasal congestion, itching, and gastrointestinal upset.
Managing histamine intolerance often involves dietary modifications. High-histamine foods like aged cheeses, processed meats, and fermented foods (like kombucha and sauerkraut), plus foods that release histamine (like citrus and acidic foods), may contribute to symptoms.
Fructose Malabsorption
Fructose malabsorption is the inability to properly absorb fructose, a type of sugar, caused by an insufficient concentration of the fructose transporter enzyme in the small intestine. Common symptoms include bloating, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and flatulence, usually after consuming fructose-rich foods like fruits, honey, sweeteners, and high-fructose corn syrup.
Managing fructose malabsorption involves limiting or avoiding foods high in fructose, like certain fruits, vegetables, and sweeteners, depending on each individual's tolerance level.
FODMAPs Sensitivity
FODMAPs, an acronym for fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols, are carbohydrates that are poorly absorbed in the small intestine. As a result, they can ferment in the colon, leading to gas production and digestive discomfort.
FODMAPs are known to exacerbate symptoms in individuals with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The low-FODMAP diet aims to improve symptoms by eliminating the broad category of high-FODMAP foods, followed by gradual, individual reintroduction of each to identify personal triggers.
Examples of common high-FODMAP foods include:
- Bread
- Cereals
- Legumes
- Cherries
- Pears
- Garlic
- Onion
Diagnosing Food Sensitivities and Intolerances
The first step towards identifying food sensitivities and intolerances requires a detailed history and clinical evaluation. Along with the signs and symptoms experienced, a food diary can be helpful to identify possible connections.
Diagnostic Tests
Diagnostic tests for lactose intolerance, fructose malabsorption, and FODMAP intolerances include hydrogen breath tests. These tests quantify hydrogen in breath samples after ingesting a food or ingredient. Elevated hydrogen levels may suggest malabsorption.
Top Food Sensitivities and Intolerance Tests Ordered by Practitioners:
- foodANALYZER IgG Food Sensitivity by Access Med Labs
- IgG Food MAP with Candida + Yeast by Mosaic Diagnostics (formerly Great Plains)
- 96 IgG Food Sensitivity Panel By Alletess Medical Laboratory
- P88-DIY Dietary Antigen Test By Precision Point
- IgG Food Antibodies by Genova Diagnostics
- 96 General Food Panel: IgA/IgG/IgG4 by US BioTek
- Food Allergy and Sensitivity Testing (FAST 88 Foods: IgE, IgG4, IgG, C3b/d) by Infinite Allergy Labs
- Basic Food Sensitivity Panel - 96 Foods by Ayumetrix
- Lactose Intolerance Breath Test by Aerodiagnostics LLC
- Celiac & Gluten Sensitivity by Doctor's Data
Elimination diets involve completely eliminating potentially aggravating foods or ingredients from the diet, often for at least 4 weeks. The food is then gradually reintroduced to evaluate for symptom recurrence. To ensure clear results, elimination diets should only be done with one food at a time.
Management and Support Strategies
The following management and support strategies can be helpful for individuals with food sensitivities:
Dietary Modifications
Dietary modifications are a primary approach for managing food sensitivities and intolerances. Eliminating the offending agent followed by slow reintroduction helps assess potential tolerance in small amounts. However, if symptoms recur after reintroducing the ingredient, the best approach may be to eliminate it entirely from the diet.
Supplementation and Enzymes
Supplements can help support digestive health. Lactase enzyme supplements may help individuals with lactose intolerance to digest lactose.
Diamine oxidase enzyme supplements can help support the breakdown of histamine in individuals with histamine intolerance.
Inulinase is an enzyme that is under development to help with fructose intolerance and other FODMAP sensitivities.
Patient Education
Adhering to an appropriate diet for food sensitivities and intolerances involves reading food labels and recognizing hidden ingredients. For example, "high-fructose corn syrup" and "corn syrup" are the same ingredient, each containing fructose, which can be problematic in individuals with fructose malabsorption.
In addition, dining out can present a challenge, as you may be unaware of all the ingredients in various dishes. Be sure to discuss your dietary restrictions with the restaurant staff.
Long-Term Care and Monitoring
Adhering to a dietary management plan for food intolerances and sensitivities requires long-term commitment. However, intolerances and sensitivities may change over time, potentially allowing the reintroduction of certain foods and necessitating additional elimination diets to find other triggers. Utilizing a personalized care plan helps ensure the best support for symptoms and optimal well-being.
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Key Takeaways
- Common food sensitivities and intolerances are encountered regularly in clinical practice.
- While they are often not associated with severe illnesses, they can significantly impact individuals' quality of life.
- Using a comprehensive history, including symptoms, food intake, a thorough clinical evaluation, indicated diagnostic testing, and elimination diets, healthcare providers can gather the necessary information to identify food sensitivities and intolerances and create personalized care plans for effective management.
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