4-Hydroxyestrone

4-OH-E1 (4-hydroxyestrone or 4-hydroxy E1) is an important metabolite of estrone, derived through the action of cytochrome P450 enzymes, especially CYP1B1. 

This metabolic transformation, which occurs primarily in tissues such as the breast, liver, and prostate, involves the addition of a hydroxyl group at the 4-position of the estrone structure, altering its estrogenic activity and metabolic path compared to its precursor. 

Although 4-OH-E1 itself exhibits minimal estrogenic effects, its metabolism can lead to the formation of reactive 3,4-quinone metabolites.  

These metabolites are capable of inducing DNA damage by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals, thereby contributing to potential carcinogenic processes, particularly in hormone-dependent cancers like breast cancer.

 The balance of estrogen metabolism pathways, including the significant 4-hydroxylation pathway, is crucial in modulating the risk and progression of such cancers.

What is 4-OH-E1?  [7., 13.]

4-OH-E1 is an endogenous metabolite of estrone (E1), one of the three major estrogens produced in the body. It is formed through the hydroxylation of estrone at the 4-position by cytochrome P450 enzymes, particularly CYP1B1.

4-OH-E1 has a similar structure to estrone, with an additional hydroxyl group (-OH) at the 4-position of the steroid nucleus.

This structural modification decreases its estrogenic activity and metabolic fate compared to the parent estrone molecule.

Production of 4-OH-E1

4-OH-E1 is produced through the hydroxylation of estrone (E1) at the 4-position by cytochrome P450 enzymes, particularly CYP1B1.  This occurs as part of Phase I estrogen metabolism.

The production of 4-OH-E1 involves the following steps:

Estrone (E1), one of the three major estrogens produced in the body, serves as the precursor.

The enzyme CYP1B1, a member of the cytochrome P450 family, catalyzes the hydroxylation reaction, introducing a hydroxyl group (-OH) at the 4-position of the estrone molecule.

This hydroxylation reaction is part of the Phase I metabolism of estrogens, which involves oxidation and reduction reactions to make estrogens more polar and facilitate their elimination.

CYP1B1 is expressed in various tissues, including the breast, prostate, and liver, suggesting that 4-OH-E1 can be produced in these tissues.

The 4-hydroxylation pathway is considered one of the major metabolic pathways for estrogen metabolism, along with the 2-hydroxylation and 16α-hydroxylation pathways.  It is also known to produce reactive oxygen intermediates that have been linked with breast cancer.  [4.]

The 4-OH-E1 metabolite then undergoes further metabolism in Phase II estrogen detoxification, which includes methylation by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) to form 4-methoxyestrone (4-MeOE1), a compound that  is more readily excreted from the body.

The balance between the different estrogen metabolic pathways, including the 4-hydroxylation pathway, is thought to play a role in the potential carcinogenic effects of estrogens, particularly in hormone-dependent cancers like breast cancer.

Clinical Implications of 4-OH-E1  [3., 7., 8., 12., 13.]

While 4-OH-E1 itself has minimal estrogenic activity, its further metabolism can lead to the formation of reactive quinone species that can cause DNA damage and potentially contribute to carcinogenesis.  

Specifically, 4-OH-E1 can undergo further metabolism to form 3,4-quinone metabolites, which are electrophilic and can cause oxidative stress by generating ROS.  These ROS include superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (OH).

The reactive quinones derived from 4-OH-E1 can directly cause oxidative DNA damage, potentially leading to mutations in genes involved in carcinogenesis.

Additionally, the ROS generated can oxidize and damage cellular macromolecules like proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, contributing to genomic instability and cancer initiation.

Studies have shown that elevated levels of 4-OH-E1 and other 4-hydroxylated estrogen metabolites are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women.  [4., 7., 8.]

However, the ratio of 2-hydroxylated estrogens to 4-hydroxylated estrogens is inversely related to breast cancer risk, suggesting that the balance between these metabolic pathways may be crucial in determining the overall risk.

Factors that favor the 2-hydroxylation pathway, such as dietary intake of cruciferous vegetables, may potentially reduce breast cancer risk by shifting the metabolism towards less harmful metabolites.

Catechol Estrogens  [4.] 

Catechol estrogens, a type of estrogen metabolite, undergo processes known as redox cycling, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals. 

These metabolites, including 2-hydroxyestradiol, 4-hydroxyestradiol, 4-OH-E1, and 2-hydroxyestriol, are implicated in the development of breast cancer due to their mutagenic properties and ability to cause DNA damage. 

Unlike their parent compounds (estradiol, estrone, estriol), these catechol estrogens actively participate in redox cycling, significantly contributing to oxidative stress within breast epithelial cells. 

Laboratory Testing for 4-OH-E1

Overview of Testing, Sample Collection and Preparation

Urine samples are commonly used for 4-OH-E1 testing.  

Estrogen metabolites can be excreted in the urine, making it a reliable method for testing estrogen detoxification and comparing ratios of estrogen metabolites.  Urine testing specifically assesses phase I estrogen detoxification, and it can also be used to assess phase II methylation detoxification.    

Urine collection can be easier and less stressful for patients compared to blood draws, as samples can be collected at home without the need for a clinical setting.  Additionally, urinary levels can reflect longer-term hormone exposure rather than the transient levels often seen in blood, as it reflects detoxification patterns (rather than providing snapshots of levels in the bloodstream).

Interpretation of 4-OH-E1 Test Results

Reference Range for 4-OH-E1

It is important to consult with the lab company providing testing for 4-OH-E1 levels.  For reference, one lab provides the following reference range for urine 4-OH-E1 levels:  [9.]

For cycling women in the luteal phase: 0-1.8 ng/mg

For postmenopausal women not supplementing with hormones: 0-0.3 ng/mg

Optimal Levels of 4-OH-E1

Hormones never act alone, and their effects are nuanced.  Optimal levels of 4-OH-E1 in urine tests may vary depending on individual health conditions, gender, and age, although lower levels are considered optimal.

One recommendation is that 60-80% of a woman's circulating estrogen utilize the 2-OH pathway; that 13-30% utilizes the 16-OH pathway; and that the remaining 7.5-11% utilizes the 4-OH pathway.  [9.]

Health professionals often recommend that women remain within the reference range of 0-1.8 ng/mg in urine samples for cycling women, or 0-0.3 ng/mg in urine samples for postmenopausal women.  However, a professional's recommendation will be affected by many factors including the patient’s overall health, detoxification capacity, personal and family health history, time of life, diet and lifestyle, medications, and other factors.  

Regular monitoring through urinary tests is essential to ensure that the metabolite levels are within a safe range, thereby reducing the potential for DNA damage and promoting better hormonal balance and overall health.

Clinical Significance of High 4-OH-E1 Levels  [4., 7., 8.]

The 4-hydroxylation pathway is considered the most genotoxic, as its metabolites can create reactive quinone species that can damage DNA and potentially lead to carcinogenesis

If 4-OH-E1 is not properly methylated to the less harmful 4-methoxyestrone (4-MeOE1), it can accumulate and convert to carcinogenic 3,4-quinones.

In postmenopausal women receiving hormone replacement therapy, elevated levels of 4-OH E1 may indicate an excessive amount of hormone supplementation, which is then increasing production of 4-OH-E1.  

These women should have their dosages assessed by a healthcare professional, and estrogen detoxification support may be considered.   

Premenopausal women with elevated levels of 4-OH-E1 should discuss these findings with a healthcare professional; a comprehensive assessment of male and female sex hormones, adrenal and thyroid hormone levels, as well as estrogen detoxification support may be considered.  

Premenopausal women, or women supplementing with estrogen who complain of estrogen excess symptoms, should be assessed for estrogen and estrogen metabolite levels.  

See below for more information on natural methods to promote hormone balance.   

Clinical Significance of Low 4-OH-E1 Levels

Typically, declining levels of estrogen and its metabolites are seen postmenopausally.  Testing of estrogen metabolites may be recommended for women complaining of menopausal symptoms.  

Additionally, postmenopausal women with a family or personal history of osteoporosis or low bone mineral density should consider testing their estrogen and estrogen metabolite levels. 

4-OH-E1-Related Biomarkers to Consider

Several other biomarkers are associated with estrogen metabolism and activity.  Other estrogen metabolites including 4-methoxyestrone (4-MeOE1), 16-hydroxyestrone (16-OH-E1) and 4-OH-E1 (2-OH-E1), as well as estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3) levels should be considered.  

4-Methoxyestrone (4-MeOE1)

The methylation of 4-OHE1 to 4-MeOE1 is a crucial step in the detoxification and elimination of potentially carcinogenic estrogen metabolites from the body.  Therefore, measuring the levels of 4-MeOE1 in conjunction with 4-OHE1 provides valuable information about the body's ability to methylate and detoxify the harmful 4-OHE1 metabolite.

If 4-OHE1 levels are high while 4-MeOE1 levels are low, it may indicate poor methylation capacity, leading to an accumulation of the potentially carcinogenic 4-OHE1 metabolite.

This imbalance has been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer and other estrogen-related cancers.

On the other hand, if 4-MeOE1 levels are high relative to 4-OHE1, it suggests efficient methylation and detoxification of the harmful 4-OHE1 metabolite, potentially reducing the risk of cancer development.

16-Hydroxyestrone (16-OH estrone)

16-Hydroxyestrone (16-OH E1) is a metabolite of estrone, one of the three main naturally occurring estrogens in the human body.  

Unlike some other estrogen metabolites, 16-OH E1 exhibits relatively strong estrogenic activities. It binds to estrogen receptors, potentially influencing estrogen-responsive gene expression and cellular functions.

 This metabolite has been associated with various physiological effects and is implicated in different health conditions, including increased risks for certain types of cancers due to its potent estrogenic properties.

2-Hydroxyestrone (2-OH-E1)

2-Hydroxyestrone, another metabolite of estrogen, is often measured alongside 4-OH-E1 to assess the balance between different estrogen metabolites. 

The ratio of 2-Hydroxyestrone to 4-OH-E1 (2/4 ratio) is of particular interest, as an imbalance in this ratio has been associated with an increased risk of hormone-related cancers, cardiovascular disease, and other health conditions. 

Higher 2/4 ratios are generally considered favorable, as they suggest a predominance of estrogen metabolism towards less carcinogenic pathways.

Estrone (E1)

Estrone is a weaker estrogen compared to estradiol but is prevalent in postmenopausal women and can be converted back to estradiol. 

Testing for estrone is important for understanding the overall estrogenic activity, especially in postmenopausal women who are at increased risk for estrogen-sensitive cancers.

Estradiol (E2)

Estradiol is the most potent estrogen and has significant implications for bone density, reproductive health, and cardiovascular health.  Monitoring estradiol levels is essential for assessing reproductive health and menopausal status, and for managing hormone replacement therapy effectively.

Estriol (E3)

Estriol is a weak estrogen predominantly produced during pregnancy. Outside of pregnancy, its levels are very low, but it has been suggested to have protective effects against breast cancer. 

Testing for estriol, especially in non-pregnant states, might provide additional insights into estrogenic activity and potential protective mechanisms against estrogen-related pathologies.

Natural Ways to Promote Hormone Balance

It is always essential to work with a qualified healthcare professional in any case of hormone imbalance.  The following diet and lifestyle measures have been shown to naturally promote healthy hormone balance:

Dietary Fiber Increase: consuming more fiber helps bind estrogen in the digestive tract, promoting its excretion and reducing reabsorption.  [5.]  

Interestingly, one study of 240 women also showed a correlation between increased fiber intake and anovulation, possibly due to lower estrogen levels.  [5.]

‍Cruciferous Vegetables: foods like broccoli, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts contain indole-3-carbinol, which aids in detoxifying excessive estrogen and optimizing hormone balance.  [2.] 

Regular Exercise: physical activity can help balance hormones by improving metabolism and reducing fat, which is significant since body fat can produce and store estrogen.  [11.]

Probiotics and Gut Health: a healthy gut flora supports proper digestion and detoxification processes, including the breakdown, elimination and balance of hormones like estrogen.  [6.]

Limit Alcohol and Caffeine: reducing intake of substances that can impair liver function helps ensure the liver effectively processes and removes excess hormones.  [10.]

‍Stress Management: stress may have an impact on estrogen levels and metabolism; techniques such as yoga, meditation, or even simple breathing exercises can reduce cortisol levels and help maintain a healthy hormonal balance.  [1.]

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