Root Cause Medicine Treatments for Migraines Sufferers

Migraine headaches affect nearly 40 million Americans, 70% of whom are women. Usually beginning in puberty, migraines tend to increase in severity until around the age of 40. Many people with migraines go undiagnosed, often told their pain is due to tight muscles or sinus-related issues. In fact, The National Headache Foundation reports that 52% of migraine sufferers are misdiagnosed.

Whether it be directly or indirectly, migraines have likely affected your life. One in four homes has someone who experiences migraines. Often debilitating, 24% of migraine sufferers have sought out emergency room care. Those who have migraines report a 50% reduction in productivity at school or work, and 66% report a 50% or more reduction in productivity at home. Industries are estimated to lose $31 billion annually due to migraine-related work losses, such as medical expenses and absenteeism.

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What is a Migraine?

Migraines are often described as throbbing head pain usually localized to one side of the head. Sensitivity to light and sound and nausea and vomiting are often accompanying symptoms.  

Migraines are categorized under the umbrella of headaches. Migraines can last anywhere from a few hours to days and are considered a neurological condition. There are many types of migraines, including:

• Migraine with Aura: an aura is a group of symptoms (sensory, motor, and speech) that often serve as a warning sign that the migraine pain will begin soon, although it can also happen during and after a migraine
• Migraine without Aura: head pain with no aura, which is the most common type of migraine
• Migraine without Head Pain: having the aura with no head pain
• Chronic Migraine: a migraine that occurs on 15 or more days a month for three consecutive months
• Migraine with Brainstem Aura: pain located in the back of the head and preceded by slurred speech, blurred vision, vertigo, ringing in the ears, or vomiting
• Retinal Migraine: a migraine occurring with partial or complete loss of vision and a dull ache behind an eye that may spread to the rest of the head - vision loss may last minutes to days
• Hemiplegic Migraines: temporary numbness or loss of ability to move one side of the body - a headache may or may not occur
• Status migrainosus: a severe migraine lasting longer than 72 hours

Migraines are often diagnosed through clinical exams, although imaging may help rule out other conditions. Migraines are often managed by a team of healthcare practitioners, including primary care physicians, neurologists, and others.

Migraine Signs & Symptoms

Migraines occur on average twice per month and typically last anywhere from four to 72 hours. Migraines usually present in four phases:

1. Prodrome: This phase begins 24-48 hours before the headache phase. Common symptoms include light and sound sensitivity, yawning, restlessness, excessive thirst, vision difficulties, fatigue, and swelling.
2. Aura: This phase lasts less than 60 minutes before the headache but may happen at the same time as the headache. The most common symptoms include tingling on the side of the face, arm, or leg or vision disturbances.
3. Headache: This phase lasts anywhere from hours to days. It is usually described as one-sided pain that increases in severity over the first few hours, often throbbing or pulsing. Accompanying symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and light and sound sensitivity may occur.
4. Postdrome: Common symptoms include dizziness, exhaustion, and more.

What Causes Migraines?

While the exact cause of migraines is not entirely understood, there seems to be a genetic link for most sufferers. Migraines seem to start after an inflammatory cascade spreads in the central and peripheral nervous system leading to the dilation of blood vessels. These cascades begin in response to specific triggers. Many triggers have been identified, but here are some of the most common:

• Stress: When we are under stress (emotional or physical), our bodies release stress hormones. Cortisol is our body's primary stress hormone. Both the elevation and fall of this hormone may trigger migraines, which can lead to a repetitive cycle: stress may contribute to a migraine, and the pain from the migraine can increase stress, which might worsen the migraine. Stress and anticipation about another migraine attack can also cause an increase in cortisol and thus lead to another migraine. Reversely, "let down" migraines can also occur, which are migraines that are triggered after a stressful event when cortisol levels are dropping.
• Food sensitivities: While most people are familiar with food allergies (think peanut butter and anaphylaxis), many are unaware that you can also be sensitive to food. Food sensitivities are delayed reactions that can occur up to 72 hours after ingestion of that specific food. Dairy products, chocolate, citrus foods, tomatoes, and nuts are some common migraine-triggering foods.
• Hormone fluctuations: Women's hormones fluctuate monthly, unlike men, who fluctuate daily. It is thought that large drops or changes in estrogen may trigger migraines. For this reason, many women have migraines before menstruation as estrogen is declining. These migraines are often referred to as "menstrual migraines."

Functional Medicine Labs to Test for Root Cause of Migraines

Cortisol is one of the primary hormones released when we undergo stress. Cortisol elicits numerous body effects, including heart rate and blood sugar changes. Testing cortisol levels can help us understand when your body releases cortisol and what amount. It can also show us how your body is breaking down cortisol. This information can help create a plan with time-specific stress-lowering activities and possible nutraceutical support.

It has been documented that foods may play a role as a trigger for migraines. However, food triggers may vary, so a personalized approach must be taken. Food sensitivity testing may help to identify foods that a person may be reacting to, and thus may help the practitioner to formulate an elimination diet suitable to the patient. While food allergies induce an immediate response, food sensitivities may occur up to three days after the food was ingested, making it harder to identify. This is why food sensitivity testing may be helpful to take the guesswork out.

Women are three times more likely to experience migraines as opposed to men, and it's thought that hormones are the culprit behind this statistic. Women have hormones that cycle monthly. Estrogen tends to be the dominant hormone in the first half of the cycle and progesterone in the second half of the cycle, although this is not always the case. For many women, hormonal imbalances between these two hormones and significant fluctuations in these hormones can trigger migraines. A hormone panel will help evaluate the hormonal role of your migraines.

Conventional Treatment for Migraines

Conventional treatment of migraines can be split into two categories: acute and preventative. Acute care aims to manage the progression of the migraine and is often given when the migraine begins. Preventative care seeks to reduce both the occurrence and severity of the migraine.

First-line treatment of acute migraines includes pharmacological agents, NSAIDs, or NonSteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. NSAIDs work by blocking the production of molecules that produce pain.

Triptans are often another first-line therapy for migraines. Triptans are a class of drugs that work by increasing the neurotransmitter serotonin, which may cause blood vessels to constrict and thus alleviate pain. Triptans may commonly be prescribed with NSAIDs. If NSAIDs, triptans, or a combination of the two, are not effective in managing the progression of the migraine, other drugs may be given.

Antiemetics, drugs that relieve nausea and vomiting, are often given in conjunction with the medications mentioned above.

Procedures, such as nerve blocks and neurostimulation, may also be used in the acute care of migraines.

Preventative care includes many pharmacological options, including beta-blockers, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, calcium channel blockers, and calcitonin gene-related peptide agonists.

Functional Medicine Treatment for Migraines

Nutrition & Lifestyle

We know that many foods may trigger migraines. The challenge is that there is not one food culprit that causes migraines; it differs from person to person. This is where elimination diets can be beneficial. Elimination diets, as the name implies, eliminate certain foods from a person's diet for a specific amount of time before being reintroduced. Elimination diets are often formulated using the assistance of food sensitivity testing. The foods are typically reintroduced singularly, with an adequate amount of time in between each reintroduction. If a migraine occurs after a food introduction, it may be recommended to avoid that food.  

Herbs & Supplements

Numerous nutraceuticals may help in the reduction of migraine headaches.

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is a botanical medicine traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine that may indirectly affect migraines through cortisol regulation. A study published in Medicine showed that Ashwagandha modulated the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. This axis controls the stress response and, thus, how your body releases cortisol, which can play a role in triggering migraines.

Magnesium is a mineral that is involved in numerous processes in the body. Magnesium has been studied for countless gynecological conditions and is effective in supporting menstrual health, which may help with menstrual migraines.

There is some evidence that coenzyme Q10, feverfew, and riboflavin might be helpful for reducing the frequency of migraines, although more studies are needed.

Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Acupuncture may be a helpful option for migraines. A meta-analysis assessing 22 trials with over 4,000 patients concluded that acupuncture effectively reduced migraines' frequency.

Biofeedback may be another excellent option for migraine management. Biofeedback is a noninvasive therapy that utilizes sensors to collect information on bodily functions such as heart rate, muscle tension, and blood pressure. Biofeedback is used to help create self-awareness, helping people utilize relaxing behaviors to support overall well-being.

Summary

Migraines can be debilitating for millions of people who experience them and can also affect their family and friends. It is crucial to seek a medical practitioner to ensure that a proper diagnosis is made. Numerous options for management include both conventional and alternative medicine. While some people respond to a single approach, others may need to explore their specific triggers further.

With this information, the doctor and patient can work together to create a personalized plan to reduce migraine occurrence and severity.