Derived from the resinous sap of boswellia trees, frankincense has an extensive historical background, tracing back thousands of years as a prized substance with multifaceted significance. Throughout time, it has been revered across various cultures for its potential to enhance well-being. From sacred religious rituals to traditional practices, frankincense has been used to support overall health. In this article, we explore the diverse uses of frankincense that have made it a popular natural option throughout history. (6)
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Botanical and Historical Context
Frankincense, a resin obtained from the trees of the genus Boswellia, holds significant historical and botanical importance. The boswellia tree, native to the arid regions of the Middle East, northern Africa, and the Indian subcontinent, is the primary source of frankincense resin. The resin is extracted from the bark of these trees, particularly from species like Boswellia sacra, Boswellia carterii, Boswellia frereana, and Boswellia serrata. (20)
The boswellia tree is well-adapted to thrive in warm, dry climates. It is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree known for its papery peeling bark and pinnate leaves. The green tree's compound leaves grow in clusters at the tips of the branches. When cut, the tree bark produces a fragrant resin known as frankincense, which has been highly valued for its aromatic properties. (8)
Historically, frankincense has held immense cultural, religious, and medicinal significance, making it a valuable natural resource in various parts of the world. Ancient Egyptians used frankincense during religious ceremonies. In Christian tradition, frankincense was one of the three gifts offered to the infant Jesus. The resin is also mentioned frequently in the Jewish Pentateuch. Roman author Pliny the Elder mentioned frankincense as an antidote to hemlock poisoning. Boswellia extract is used in traditional Ayurvedic practices to support health. (5, 6)
Phytochemistry: What Are The Active Components of Frankincense?
The frankincense gum resin is harvested by cutting or pulling away the bark of the boswellia tree. Boswellic acids have been identified as the active compounds in this resin, which may contribute to its potential health benefits. The four primary boswellic acids extracted from frankincense are β-boswellic acid (BA), acetyl-β-boswellic acid (ABA), 11-keto-β-boswellic acid (KBA), and 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA). The gum resin also contains essential oils, phenyl propanoids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and other phenolic compounds (2). (20)
Boswellia serrata extracts are commonly standardized to contain 30-65% boswellic acids (6). Chemically, boswellic acids have a very similar structure to steroids. One of the mechanisms through which boswellic acids may support health is by interacting with the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase. This enzyme is involved in the production of leukotrienes, which are inflammatory mediators. By interacting with 5-lipoxygenase, boswellic acids may help manage inflammation. (20)
Top Uses of Frankincense
Given its potential to influence the synthesis of leukotrienes, frankincense has been studied for its possible role in managing inflammation. We will discuss the application of Boswellia serrata extract in detail below.
1. Frankincense for Joint Health
Frankincense has been widely studied for its potential in promoting joint health. Clinical studies have provided evidence supporting its use in these areas. Several clinical trials have investigated the use of oral frankincense supplements or extracts in individuals with osteoarthritis. In these trials, participants taking frankincense supplements have reported improvements in joint function, reduced discomfort, and decreased stiffness compared to those in control groups. These studies have also shown that Boswellia serrata extracts do not have toxic side effects at higher doses, making them a potential option to explore alongside conventional approaches. (32)
One clinical study also investigated the topical use of frankincense oil in individuals with osteoarthritis of the knee. Researchers concluded that applying the oil to the affected knee three times daily for four weeks may help manage discomfort and support joint flexibility, stiffness, and function.
Frankincense has also been studied for its potential in managing joint inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis. In one trial, researchers administered 400-1,200 mg of H15®, a standardized frankincense extract, to over 260 participants for 1-6 months. Compared to placebo, participants taking H15® experienced reductions in discomfort, swelling, morning stiffness, need for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and erythrocyte sedimentation rates. Participants using frankincense also reported improved general health and well-being.
2. Frankincense for Respiratory Health
Traditional practices have used frankincense to support respiratory health. Research suggests that boswellic acids may influence the production of leukotrienes and mast cells, which are involved in the inflammatory response within the airways. Some research also suggests that frankincense may help manage allergic airway inflammation by influencing Th2-mediated cytokines, which mediate inflammation and mucus secretion.
Clinical studies examining the impact of frankincense on respiratory health have reported encouraging results that support its traditional use in this capacity. In one study, participants who took 500 mg of boswellia extract daily in addition to their standard treatment were able to reduce their use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and long-acting beta-agonists (LABA).
Another placebo-controlled, double-blind study demonstrated that 70% of participants receiving 300 mg of boswellia gum resin orally three times daily for six weeks showed reduced signs and symptoms of respiratory issues, improved lung function, and decreased levels of inflammation at the end of the trial.
3. Frankincense for Digestive Health
Frankincense's properties may also support digestive health and function.
Clinical studies suggest that an oral Boswellia serrata extract may help manage symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Two trials, conducted in 2017 and 2019, have investigated the effects of a specific lecithin-based delivery form of Boswellia serrata extract called Casperome®. Positive outcomes associated with Casperome® supplementation in both studies included improved abdominal comfort, bowel movements, gas, and cramps. Additionally, participants in the Casperome®-supplemented groups required less medical attention and experienced a lower incidence of side effects compared to those treated with hyoscine butylbromide or papaverine hydrochloride and belladonna extract. (4, 28)
Frankincense is also commonly recommended by integrative practitioners for supporting gastrointestinal health. Boswellia serrata extract has been studied extensively in managing conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and microscopic colitis. Trials have shown that frankincense may be as effective as conventional options mesalamine and sulfasalazine in managing symptoms of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease (17, 19). Another clinical trial shows that taking Boswellia serrata extract 400 mg three times daily for six weeks may increase the clinical remission rate by 64% compared to placebo in individuals with collagenous microscopic colitis.
4. Frankincense for Brain Health
In traditional practices, it is believed that frankincense supports learning and memory, and it is used to support cognitive health in the elderly population (20). In modern research, frankincense has emerged as a promising natural option with potential applications in supporting cognitive function during stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI) recovery. Preliminary evidence suggests that boswellic acids can support clinical outcomes in the early phases of stroke recovery; oral administration of boswellic acids enhanced the efficacy of aspirin and clopidogrel on neurological function in individuals recovering from recent ischemic stroke. Another clinical study in individuals suffering from TBI three months to three years prior concluded that Boswellia serrata extract dosed 400 mg three times daily for three months may support cognitive function tests assessing processing speed, memory, and overall cognitive function.
5. Frankincense for Skin Health
Frankincense, used topically in skincare products, may offer advantages in a dermatological context. Small clinical studies suggest that the properties of boswellic acids may improve symptoms of aging skin by reducing fine surface lines, tactile roughness, and photo-aging scores. Participants also experienced improved skin elasticity and increased deposition of collagenous and elastic fibers. (11, 26).
Potential Side Effects of Frankincense and Considerations
While frankincense is generally considered safe for topical and oral use when used as directed, there are a few potential side effects and considerations to remember. Some individuals may experience mild skin irritation, redness, or rash when applying frankincense oil or products directly to the skin. It is advisable to perform a patch test before using it extensively, especially for individuals with sensitive skin. When used orally, there have been rare reports of gastrointestinal discomfort, such as stomach pain, acid reflux, or nausea. (7, 9)
For pregnant and breastfeeding individuals, Boswellia serrata is likely safe when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods. However, because there is insufficient evidence regarding the safety when used in higher doses, it is recommended to avoid frankincense supplementation in these populations. (10)
Boswellia extracts can influence platelet aggregation and may increase the risk of bleeding when used with blood-thinning medications (7).
As with any dietary or herbal supplement, it is always recommended to consult healthcare experts, such as doctors or dermatologists, before incorporating frankincense products into one's skincare or wellness routine. Medical experts can provide personalized advice, considering individual health conditions, medications, and potential allergies. They can help determine the appropriate dosage, application method, and overall suitability of frankincense for specific individuals, ensuring its safe and effective use.
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Summary
Frankincense, the gum resin derived from boswellia trees, offers a wide array of potential applications owing to its properties. Its potential in promoting joint health, supporting respiratory health, cognitive function, and skin health has been demonstrated in clinical studies. It is crucial to exercise caution and seek professional advice before incorporating frankincense into healthcare routines, especially in cases of allergies, interactions with medications, or specific health concerns. Continued research is essential to unlock the full potential of frankincense across diverse fields, ensuring its judicious use and maximizing its impact.
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