Red Dye 40 is a food dye used to enhance the color of red foods, drinks, cosmetics, and other consumer products. Understanding food additives (particularly food dyes), their use in the food industry, and their related concerns and controversies is vital.
This article explores Red Dye 40, its potential health impacts, and how to identify products containing Red 40 and other food dyes.
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What is Red Dye 40?
Red Dye 40 is also referred to as:
- Red 40
- Allura Red AC
- Allura Red
- FD&C Red 40
- E129
- CI 16035
- Red 40 Lake
- FD&C Red 40 Aluminum Lake
- Fancy Red
It's a chemical substance used to alter the color of some products and enhance their appearance. Red Dye 40 is a dark red powder. Its chemical composition is:
- Disodium;6-hydroxy-5-[(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfonatophenyl)diazenyl]naphthalene-2-sulfonate
This food dye is manufactured by coupling 6-hydroxy-2-naphthalene sulphonic acid with diazotized 5-amino-4-methoxy-2-toluenesulfonic acid.
Historical background
Red 40 has historically been used as an additive in foods, beverages, drugs, cosmetics, industrial and household cleaning supplies, arts and crafts, office supplies, and even children's toys.
Numerous regulatory agencies, including the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), have approved Red 40.
Is Red Dye 40 Safe?
Red Dye is deemed safe in recommended amounts, though some agencies suggest avoiding synthetic food dyes altogether.
Regulatory Guidelines
Accepted daily intakes (ADIs) for Red 40 established by regulatory agencies include:
- FDA: 0-7 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) of body weight daily
- JECFA: 0-7 mg/kg of body weight daily
- EFSA: 0-7 mg/kg of body weight daily
Studies found that Red 40, Yellow 5, and Yellow 6 make up 90% of the dyes used in foods.
Scientific Studies and Research
Studies show potential concerns regarding Red Dye 40 and other synthetic food dyes, particularly in children and when consumed in high amounts.
Researchers found that Red Dye 40, as well as Yellow 5 and Yellow 6, contain a human and animal carcinogen (cancer-causing substance) called benzidine, which is permitted for consumption by some regulatory agencies at low levels.
While the FDA allows and deems food dyes safe in small amounts, they are controversial because numerous studies demonstrate potential health risks associated with their use. The most commonly consumed food dyes in products marketed toward children are Red 40, Yellow 5, Yellow 6, and Blue 1.
Detailed Mechanisms
Animal studies found that Red Dye 40 is present in feces (29%) and urine (0.1%). The gut flora breaks down the dye into 1-amino-2-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid and cresidine-4-sulfonic acid.
Animal studies show that within 72 hours of consuming Red 40, 92-95% (dogs) and 76-92% (rats) of the dye was excreted in the feces and urine, while the gut still contained a significant amount of dye metabolites.
Potential Health Effects of Red Dye 40
Despite the FDA, JECFA, and EFSA approving Red Dye 40, this food dye may pose several health risks, mainly when eaten in large amounts or by children.
Allergic Reactions and Sensitivities
People who are sensitive to Red Dye 40 may have allergic reactions or other symptoms, including:
The prevalence of color additive-related allergies is 1-2% in children and less than 1% in adults. Risk factors for developing allergic reactions include:
- Genetics
- Consuming large amounts of food dyes
- Having other allergies or related conditions
Behavioral Effects on Children
Studies have linked Red Dye 40 and other synthetic dyes with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and increased hyperactivity in children. Such studies report that artificial food dyes aren't necessarily a cause of ADHD; they appear to be linked to hyperactivity in all children, not just those with diagnosed ADHD.
A review found a link between Red 40 and other food dyes and hyperactivity and potentially autism in children.
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends urgent reforms to the United States Additive regulatory process because of growing evidence that food coloring chemicals may harm children's health.
Other Potential Side Effects
Other potential side effects linked to Red Dye 40 include:
Red 40 causes DNA damage, microbiome changes, and colon inflammation in mice, which may account for potential gastrointestinal issues.
The Center for Science in the Public Interest recommends avoiding adding Red Dye 40 to foods because of potential adverse side effects.
Long-Term Health Concerns
Red Dye 40 contains a cancer-causing substance called benzene. Studies confirm that Red 40 and other food dyes contain cancer-causing substances. The researchers recommend improved regulation of food dyes, better independent toxicity testing, and future approval for only well-tested, safe dyes.
Because of the potential health effects of Red 40, some experts recommend limiting exposure to this food dye as much as possible.
Identifying Red Dye 40 in Foods
The following information helps identify foods and other products containing Red Dye 40.
Common Foods Containing Red Dye 40
Foods, drugs, and cosmetics that may contain Red Dye 40 are as follows:
- Cereals
- Pastries, cakes, frostings, and other baked goods
- Sugars, candies, chewing gums, confections, and some chocolate
- Gelatins, puddings, and custards
- Popsicles
- Sports drinks, energy drinks, and sodas
- Protein powders
- Chips and other salty snack foods
- Sauces and toppings
- Some dairy foods (frozen yogurts, flavored milk, yogurts, sherbet, ice creams)
- Fruits, juices, and fruit gummy snacks
- Jams, jellies, and condiments
- Some meat and poultry
Other Products Containing Red 40
- Medications
- Vitamins
- Cosmetics
- Arts and craft supplies
- Cleaning products
- Laundry detergents
- Fragrances
- Tobacco products
Red 40 is the most commonly used food dye. It's found in some prenatal vitamins and many children's products, including vitamins, pain relievers, allergy medicines, and cough and cold syrups.
Reading Food Labels
Look for other names associated with Red Dye 40, including:
- Allura Red AC
- FD&C Red No. 40
- Red 40
- Red 40 Lake
- Fancy red
- FD&C Red No. 40 Aluminum Lake
- Allura Red AC
- CI 16035
- INS No. 129
- E129
- CI Food Red 17
Identifying Red Dye 40 in foods and other products is as simple as reading the ingredient lists.
Foods to Avoid for Sensitive Individuals
Individuals sensitive to Red Dye 40 and those desiring limited exposure for health reasons should avoid colored candies, frostings, and other highly processed foods containing bright colors.
Examples of name-brand products often containing Red Dye 40 include Doritos, Skittles, Gatorade, and Twizzlers.
Regulations and Controversies
There are various Red Dye 40 regulations and controversies to note.
Global Regulations
There are regulatory differences about Red Dye 40, as some countries, including the United Kingdom and Australia, have banned Red 40 and Red 3 because of potential health concerns.
Regulatory Actions and History
Regulatory changes and actions often occur as new studies emerge and consumer advocate groups file petitions to the FDA and other agencies. For example, the California Food Safety Act prohibits distributing and selling foods containing potassium bromate, brominated vegetable oil, propylparaben, and Red 3.
Public Perception and Media Coverage
Common misconceptions regarding FDA-approved ingredients include that no health concerns exist. Media outlets often dramatically influence public opinions, which, over time, may lead to regulatory changes in the food industry.
Alternatives to Red Dye 40
Alternatives to Red Dye 40 include:
Natural Food Colorings
Natural dyes can often be substituted for synthetic dyes. Examples include:
- Beet juice or beet powder
- Blueberry and pomegranate juices
- Turmeric
- Beta-carotene
- Cherries, cranberries, or strawberries
- Dried hibiscus flowers
A benefit of using natural food dyes is that they're typically sourced from foods or other natural ingredients rather than chemicals. However, these natural ingredients may not color foods as effectively or might alter a food's flavor, and they are often more expensive.
Synthetic Alternatives
Other synthetic red dyes, such as Red 3, are sometimes used instead of Red 40. However, many of the same health concerns exist. The FDA requires certifying Red 3 before use in foods. This means chemists must analyze a sample from Red 3 batches to ensure it meets purity and composition requirements, as studies show Red 3 causes cancer in animals.
Furthermore, Red 3 is banned in cosmetics and foods in many other countries — but not in the United States.
Practical Advice for Consumers
Consider the following practical advice regarding the use of Red Dye 40.
Tips for Avoiding Synthetic Dyes
When shopping for foods and drinks, avoid choosing highly processed, brightly colored items. Read the ingredient list on food labels and choose organic products whenever possible. Consider preparing homemade alternatives versus processed foods containing dyes.
Dietary Considerations for Children and Sensitive Individuals
Managing dietary intake can help reduce the intake of Red Dye 40. Choose whole, fresh foods instead of processed foods. Become more aware of dye-containing foods, read food labels consistently, and monitor and address hyperactivity or other symptoms potentially linked to food dyes — particularly among children.
Consumer Advocacy and Industry Response
Increased awareness has historically led to changes in the food industry.
Overview of Consumer Advocacy Efforts
Consumer and advocacy groups, such as the Environmental Working Group and the Center for Science in the Public Interest, recommend removing cancer-causing food dyes from foods altogether because of potential health concerns.
Industry Response
Industry responses have been to market dye-free products and alter formulations to eliminate Red Dye 40 and other synthetic dyes.
Current Research Trends
Ongoing human and animal research is needed, which may affect the future directions of regulatory agencies. Emerging alternatives and innovations in food coloring should be considered.
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Key Takeaways
- Red Dye 40 is the most commonly consumed food dye that adds a rich red color to foods, drinks, and other consumer products.
- However, Red 40 and other food dyes are linked to cancer, hyperactivity, allergic reactions, and other potential health issues.
- While the FDA, EFSA, and JECFA have approved Red Dye 40 for limited use, many health experts recommend avoiding it or limiting its use as much as possible.
- Natural food colorant alternatives are available in place of Red Dye 40.
- Monitor future regulatory actions, potential guideline changes, and new studies involving Red Dye 40 and other commonly consumed food dyes (Yellow 5, Yellow 6, Red 3, Green 3, Blue 1, and Blue 2).
Red Dye 40 is a food dye used to enhance the color of red foods, drinks, cosmetics, and other consumer products. Understanding food additives (particularly food dyes), their use in the food industry, and their related concerns and controversies is vital.
This article explores Red Dye 40, its potential health impacts, and how to identify products containing Red 40 and other food dyes.
[signup]
What is Red Dye 40?
Red Dye 40 is also referred to as:
- Red 40
- Allura Red AC
- Allura Red
- FD&C Red 40
- E129
- CI 16035
- Red 40 Lake
- FD&C Red 40 Aluminum Lake
- Fancy Red
It's a chemical substance used to alter the color of some products and enhance their appearance. Red Dye 40 is a dark red powder. Its chemical composition is:
- Disodium;6-hydroxy-5-[(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfonatophenyl)diazenyl]naphthalene-2-sulfonate
This food dye is manufactured by coupling 6-hydroxy-2-naphthalene sulphonic acid with diazotized 5-amino-4-methoxy-2-toluenesulfonic acid.
Historical background
Red 40 has historically been used as an additive in foods, beverages, drugs, cosmetics, industrial and household cleaning supplies, arts and crafts, office supplies, and even children's toys.
Numerous regulatory agencies, including the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), have approved Red 40.
Is Red Dye 40 Safe?
Red Dye is deemed safe in recommended amounts, though some agencies suggest avoiding synthetic food dyes altogether.
Regulatory Guidelines
Accepted daily intakes (ADIs) for Red 40 established by regulatory agencies include:
- FDA: 0-7 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) of body weight daily
- JECFA: 0-7 mg/kg of body weight daily
- EFSA: 0-7 mg/kg of body weight daily
Studies found that Red 40, Yellow 5, and Yellow 6 make up 90% of the dyes used in foods.
Scientific Studies and Research
Studies show potential concerns regarding Red Dye 40 and other synthetic food dyes, particularly in children and when consumed in high amounts.
Researchers found that Red Dye 40, as well as Yellow 5 and Yellow 6, contain a human and animal carcinogen (cancer-causing substance) called benzidine, which is permitted for consumption by some regulatory agencies at low levels.
While the FDA allows and deems food dyes safe in small amounts, they are controversial because numerous studies demonstrate potential health risks associated with their use. The most commonly consumed food dyes in products marketed toward children are Red 40, Yellow 5, Yellow 6, and Blue 1.
Detailed Mechanisms
Animal studies found that Red Dye 40 is present in feces (29%) and urine (0.1%). The gut flora breaks down the dye into 1-amino-2-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid and cresidine-4-sulfonic acid.
Animal studies show that within 72 hours of consuming Red 40, 92-95% (dogs) and 76-92% (rats) of the dye was excreted in the feces and urine, while the gut still contained a significant amount of dye metabolites.
Potential Health Effects of Red Dye 40
Despite the FDA, JECFA, and EFSA approving Red Dye 40, this food dye may pose several health risks, mainly when eaten in large amounts or by children.
Allergic Reactions and Sensitivities
People who are sensitive to Red Dye 40 may have allergic reactions or other symptoms, including:
The prevalence of color additive-related allergies is 1-2% in children and less than 1% in adults. Risk factors for developing allergic reactions include:
- Genetics
- Consuming large amounts of food dyes
- Having other allergies or related conditions
Behavioral Effects on Children
Studies have linked Red Dye 40 and other synthetic dyes with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and increased hyperactivity in children. Such studies report that artificial food dyes aren't necessarily a cause of ADHD; they appear to be linked to hyperactivity in all children, not just those with diagnosed ADHD.
A review found a link between Red 40 and other food dyes and hyperactivity and potentially autism in children.
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends urgent reforms to the United States Additive regulatory process because of growing evidence that food coloring chemicals may harm children's health.
Other Potential Side Effects
Other potential side effects linked to Red Dye 40 include:
Red 40 causes DNA damage, microbiome changes, and colon inflammation in mice, which may account for potential gastrointestinal issues.
The Center for Science in the Public Interest recommends avoiding adding Red Dye 40 to foods because of potential adverse side effects.
Long-Term Health Concerns
Red Dye 40 contains a cancer-causing substance called benzene. Studies confirm that Red 40 and other food dyes contain cancer-causing substances. The researchers recommend improved regulation of food dyes, better independent toxicity testing, and future approval for only well-tested, safe dyes.
Because of the potential health effects of Red 40, some experts recommend limiting exposure to this food dye as much as possible.
Identifying Red Dye 40 in Foods
The following information helps identify foods and other products containing Red Dye 40.
Common Foods Containing Red Dye 40
Foods, drugs, and cosmetics that may contain Red Dye 40 are as follows:
- Cereals
- Pastries, cakes, frostings, and other baked goods
- Sugars, candies, chewing gums, confections, and some chocolate
- Gelatins, puddings, and custards
- Popsicles
- Sports drinks, energy drinks, and sodas
- Protein powders
- Chips and other salty snack foods
- Sauces and toppings
- Some dairy foods (frozen yogurts, flavored milk, yogurts, sherbet, ice creams)
- Fruits, juices, and fruit gummy snacks
- Jams, jellies, and condiments
- Some meat and poultry
Other Products Containing Red 40
- Medications
- Vitamins
- Cosmetics
- Arts and craft supplies
- Cleaning products
- Laundry detergents
- Fragrances
- Tobacco products
Red 40 is the most commonly used food dye. It's found in some prenatal vitamins and many children's products, including vitamins, pain relievers, allergy medicines, and cough and cold syrups.
Reading Food Labels
Look for other names associated with Red Dye 40, including:
- Allura Red AC
- FD&C Red No. 40
- Red 40
- Red 40 Lake
- Fancy red
- FD&C Red No. 40 Aluminum Lake
- Allura Red AC
- CI 16035
- INS No. 129
- E129
- CI Food Red 17
Identifying Red Dye 40 in foods and other products is as simple as reading the ingredient lists.
Foods to Avoid for Sensitive Individuals
Individuals sensitive to Red Dye 40 and those desiring limited exposure for health reasons should avoid colored candies, frostings, and other highly processed foods containing bright colors.
Examples of name-brand products often containing Red Dye 40 include Doritos, Skittles, Gatorade, and Twizzlers.
Regulations and Controversies
There are various Red Dye 40 regulations and controversies to note.
Global Regulations
There are regulatory differences about Red Dye 40, as some countries, including the United Kingdom and Australia, have banned Red 40 and Red 3 because of potential health concerns.
Regulatory Actions and History
Regulatory changes and actions often occur as new studies emerge and consumer advocate groups file petitions to the FDA and other agencies. For example, the California Food Safety Act prohibits distributing and selling foods containing potassium bromate, brominated vegetable oil, propylparaben, and Red 3.
Public Perception and Media Coverage
Common misconceptions regarding FDA-approved ingredients include that no health concerns exist. Media outlets often dramatically influence public opinions, which, over time, may lead to regulatory changes in the food industry.
Alternatives to Red Dye 40
Alternatives to Red Dye 40 include:
Natural Food Colorings
Natural dyes can often be substituted for synthetic dyes. Examples include:
- Beet juice or beet powder
- Blueberry and pomegranate juices
- Turmeric
- Beta-carotene
- Cherries, cranberries, or strawberries
- Dried hibiscus flowers
A benefit of using natural food dyes is that they're typically sourced from foods or other natural ingredients rather than chemicals. However, these natural ingredients may not color foods as effectively or might alter a food's flavor, and they are often more expensive.
Synthetic Alternatives
Other synthetic red dyes, such as Red 3, are sometimes used instead of Red 40. However, many of the same health concerns exist. The FDA requires certifying Red 3 before use in foods. This means chemists must analyze a sample from Red 3 batches to ensure it meets purity and composition requirements, as studies show Red 3 causes cancer in animals.
Furthermore, Red 3 is banned in cosmetics and foods in many other countries — but not in the United States.
Practical Advice for Consumers
Consider the following practical advice regarding the use of Red Dye 40.
Tips for Avoiding Synthetic Dyes
When shopping for foods and drinks, consider choosing less processed, less brightly colored items. Read the ingredient list on food labels and choose organic products whenever possible. Consider preparing homemade alternatives versus processed foods containing dyes.
Dietary Considerations for Children and Sensitive Individuals
Managing dietary intake can help reduce the intake of Red Dye 40. Choose whole, fresh foods instead of processed foods. Become more aware of dye-containing foods, read food labels consistently, and monitor and address hyperactivity or other symptoms potentially linked to food dyes — particularly among children.
Consumer Advocacy and Industry Response
Increased awareness has historically led to changes in the food industry.
Overview of Consumer Advocacy Efforts
Consumer and advocacy groups, such as the Environmental Working Group and the Center for Science in the Public Interest, recommend removing certain food dyes from foods altogether because of potential health concerns.
Industry Response
Industry responses have been to market dye-free products and alter formulations to eliminate Red Dye 40 and other synthetic dyes.
Current Research Trends
Ongoing human and animal research is needed, which may affect the future directions of regulatory agencies. Emerging alternatives and innovations in food coloring should be considered.
[signup]
Key Takeaways
- Red Dye 40 is the most commonly consumed food dye that adds a rich red color to foods, drinks, and other consumer products.
- However, Red 40 and other food dyes are linked to cancer, hyperactivity, allergic reactions, and other potential health issues.
- While the FDA, EFSA, and JECFA have approved Red Dye 40 for limited use, many health experts recommend avoiding it or limiting its use as much as possible.
- Natural food colorant alternatives are available in place of Red Dye 40.
- Monitor future regulatory actions, potential guideline changes, and new studies involving Red Dye 40 and other commonly consumed food dyes (Yellow 5, Yellow 6, Red 3, Green 3, Blue 1, and Blue 2).
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Lehmkuhler, A. L., Miller, M. D., Bradman, A., Castroina, R., & Mitchell, A. E. (2020). Certified food dyes in over the counter medicines and supplements marketed for children and pregnant women. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 143, 111499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111499
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Preston, J. (2023, June 5). The link between food colors and additives and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): How to test for food color and additive reactions. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/the-link-between-food-colors-and-additives-and-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd-how-to-test-for-food-color-and-additive-reactions
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