The prevalence of obesity in the United States has increased from 47% to 58% from 1999 to 2020. Pharmacotherapy options for the treatment of obesity are increasingly available. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists belong to a class of medications that improve glucose control and aid in weight loss.
According to recent studies, GLP-1 receptor agonists help patients with overweight and obesity achieve at least 5% weight reduction, and most patients lose more.
In this article, we will discuss how GLP-1 receptor agonists promote weight loss, their clinical uses, and their potential side effects. GLP-1 receptor agonists target specific physiological pathways which induce weight loss and glycemic control effects.
Current research is ongoing into how this mechanism of action and restoration of optimal body physiology may further expand the role of GLP-1 receptor agonists in clinical practice.
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Understanding GLP-1 and Its Receptor Agonists
Understanding the physiology of glucagon-like peptide 1 is the first step in understanding the mechanism and efficacy of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists.
Biological Role of GLP-1:
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone released in the small intestine after nutrient intake. It has several metabolic functions, such as regulating insulin secretion, maintaining glucose homeostasis, and affecting gastric emptying. GLP-1 stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells in response to a rise in blood glucose, promoting glucose uptake and use by organs and tissues, which reduces blood glucose levels.
GLP-1 also inhibits glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha cells, aiding with blood glucose regulation. GLP-1 increases satiety and fullness by delaying gastric emptying, slowing the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream, and helping to prevent elevated blood glucose after eating. The increased satiety decreases appetite, resulting in reduced oral intake and promoting weight loss.
What Are GLP-1 Receptor Agonists?
GLP-1 receptor agonists are synthetic compounds designed to mimic the action of endogenous GLP-1, the vital metabolic hormone discussed above. GLP-1 receptor agonists bind to and activate GLP-1 receptors primarily on pancreatic beta cells, but research is also uncovering their activity on other organs and tissues.
While they were initially developed for clinical use in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, they are also now approved for the treatment of obesity. GLP-1 receptor agonists are also being investigated in the treatment of a number of other conditions, including dementias, neurodegenerative diseases, and insulin resistance.
Mechanisms Behind GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Weight Loss
GLP-1 receptor agonists use multiple mechanisms to promote weight loss.
Appetite Suppression:
GLP-1 receptor agonists bind to and activate GLP-1 receptors in the hypothalamus, a region of the brain involved in appetite regulation, which increases satiety and reduces appetite in several ways.
Not only do they inhibit orexigenic neurons that stimulate hunger, but they also stimulate anorexigenic neurons that promote fullness. They slow gastric emptying, lengthening satiety after meals. GLP-1 receptor agonists also act on dopaminergic reward pathways, reducing the craving for less healthy foods.
Slowing Gastric Emptying:
By binding to GLP-1 receptors in the gastrointestinal tract, GLP-1 receptor agonists increase satiety after meals, thus reducing food intake. Slowed gastric emptying is one of the crucial mechanisms whereby GLP-1 receptor agonists deliver weight loss and glycemic, improving overall metabolic health.
Effects on Fat Metabolism:
Research suggests GLP-1 receptor agonists also influence fat metabolism and energy expenditure. They directly affect the reduction in adipose tissue by increasing lipid oxidation, promoting fat metabolism, and increasing basal energy expenditure.
Clinical Benefits of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists for Weight Loss
Weight loss and improvement in obesity-related medical conditions are two significant clinical benefits of GLP-1 receptor agonists. In many studies, they deliver superior results compared to other anti-obesity medications.
Weight Loss Outcomes:
Studies have consistently demonstrated the efficacy of GLP-1 receptor agonists in delivering significant weight loss among patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Additional studies are ongoing for patients with obesity but without type 2 diabetes. The majority of patients lose ≥ 5% of their body weight within 12-18 months.
Trials, such as the SCALE and LEADER trials, demonstrate that GLP-1 liraglutide and semaglutide lead to weight loss from 4% to 15%.
Improvement in Obesity-Related Conditions:
The therapeutic benefit of GLP-1 receptor agonists extends beyond weight loss to also improvement in obesity-related comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease and risk factors, type 2 diabetes mellitus, fatty liver disease, and infertility.
Several clinical trials, like the LEADER and SUSTAIN trials, demonstrate that GLP-1 receptor agonists not only facilitate weight loss and improve blood glucose control but also lower blood pressure and improve dyslipidemia, with the cumulative benefit of reducing cardiovascular disease risk.
Their efficacy extends to improving other metabolic syndrome components, like reducing hepatic steatosis.
Comparison with Other Weight Loss Medications:
GLP-1 receptor agonists have demonstrated superiority over other anti-obesity agents thus far, in terms of percentage of weight reduction.
Other anti-obesity drugs like phentermine, topiramate, and orlistat result in low to moderate amounts of weight loss (3-10%), and their use is often limited by adverse effects, such as cardiovascular changes, sedation, or gastrointestinal upset.
With GLP-1 receptor agonists offering higher potential weight loss benefits of at least 4-15%, while providing other cardiovascular and metabolic benefits, they can offer a more favorable course of treatment.
Gastrointestinal (GI) problems, like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation, are the most common. Nausea occurs in approximately 50% of patients, and vomiting occurs in an average of 15% of patients taking GLP-1 receptor agonists. GI side effects can be minimized by starting at a low dose and titrating up slowly. Dietary modifications, including smaller, more frequent, high-fiber meals can also help.
Injection site reactions with redness, swelling, and pain may occur, but it usually resolves within a few days. Rotating injection sites and injecting the medication correctly can reduce the frequency of injection site reactions.
A decrease in appetite is a significant, but expected, side effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists, and it often leads to reduced calorie intake. This supports the overall goals of glycemic control and weight management.
GLP-1 receptor agonists are known to increase the risk of pancreatitis, albeit rare.
Hypoglycemia (or low blood sugar) is also a potential risk, especially when GLP-1 receptor agonists are used in combination with other diabetes medications that reduce blood sugar, like insulin or sulfonylureas. While GLP-1 receptor agonists themselves are unlikely to cause hypoglycemia on their own, combining GLP-1 agonists with other agents that reduce blood sugar increases the likelihood of hypoglycemia.
Another rare but serious side effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists is the risk of thyroid cancer.
While GLP-1 receptor agonists may be significantly beneficial for some patients, they are not clinically appropriate for everyone. It is important to not only establish the appropriateness of treatment but also to utilize GLP-1 receptor agonists in a multifaceted treatment approach for weight loss.
Eligibility Criteria for Treatment:
Selecting patients for treatment with GLP-1 receptor agonists for weight loss involves several criteria. Candidates typically have a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² or ≥ 27 kg/m² with obesity-related comorbidities.
The use of GLP-1 receptor agonists for weight loss is reserved for patients who have failed previous weight loss attempts through lifestyle modifications of diet and regular physical activity.
Patients with type 2 diabetes who would benefit from glycemic control alongside weight loss may be good candidates for treatment with GLP-1 receptor agonists.
Integrating GLP-1 Receptor Agonists into a Comprehensive Weight Management Plan:
Utilizing GLP-1 receptor agonists in a holistic weight management approach relies upon dedicated lifestyle modifications, especially diet and regular physical exercise. GLP-1 receptor agonists increase weight loss by reducing appetite and increasing fullness, which should be used as an adjunct treatment to fundamental dietary changes and regular exercise regimens.
Combining GLP-1 receptor agonists with lifestyle modifications, mindful eating, stress management, and adequate sleep improves long-term weight loss success and overall metabolic health.
[signup]
Key Takeaways
GLP-1 receptor agonists offer a promising solution for weight loss and have the potential to revolutionize the treatment of obesity and obesity-related conditions.
While they are widely used for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, continued research into their clinical applications for additional obesity-related conditions is necessary to understand their full benefit.
GLP-1 receptor agonists should be used only as part of a comprehensive weight management approach with diet, exercise, and other lifestyle modifications.
The prevalence of obesity in the United States has increased from 47% to 58% from 1999 to 2020. Pharmacotherapy options for managing obesity are increasingly available. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists belong to a class of medications that may help support glucose control and aid in weight management.
According to recent studies, GLP-1 receptor agonists may help patients with overweight and obesity achieve at least 5% weight reduction, and many patients experience more.
In this article, we will discuss how GLP-1 receptor agonists may support weight management, their clinical uses, and their potential side effects. GLP-1 receptor agonists target specific physiological pathways which may contribute to weight management and glycemic control effects.
Current research is ongoing into how this mechanism of action and support of optimal body physiology may further expand the role of GLP-1 receptor agonists in clinical practice.
[signup]
Understanding GLP-1 and Its Receptor Agonists
Understanding the physiology of glucagon-like peptide 1 is the first step in understanding the mechanism and potential benefits of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists.
Biological Role of GLP-1:
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone released in the small intestine after nutrient intake. It has several metabolic functions, such as supporting insulin secretion, maintaining glucose homeostasis, and affecting gastric emptying. GLP-1 stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells in response to a rise in blood glucose, promoting glucose uptake and use by organs and tissues, which helps manage blood glucose levels.
GLP-1 also inhibits glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha cells, aiding with blood glucose regulation. GLP-1 increases satiety and fullness by delaying gastric emptying, slowing the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream, and helping to manage elevated blood glucose after eating. The increased satiety may decrease appetite, potentially resulting in reduced oral intake and supporting weight management.
What Are GLP-1 Receptor Agonists?
GLP-1 receptor agonists are synthetic compounds designed to mimic the action of endogenous GLP-1, the vital metabolic hormone discussed above. GLP-1 receptor agonists bind to and activate GLP-1 receptors primarily on pancreatic beta cells, but research is also uncovering their activity on other organs and tissues.
While they were initially developed for clinical use in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus, they are also now approved for the management of obesity. GLP-1 receptor agonists are also being investigated in the management of a number of other conditions, including dementias, neurodegenerative diseases, and insulin resistance.
Mechanisms Behind GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Weight Management
GLP-1 receptor agonists use multiple mechanisms to support weight management.
Appetite Support:
GLP-1 receptor agonists bind to and activate GLP-1 receptors in the hypothalamus, a region of the brain involved in appetite regulation, which may increase satiety and reduce appetite in several ways.
Not only do they inhibit orexigenic neurons that stimulate hunger, but they also stimulate anorexigenic neurons that promote fullness. They slow gastric emptying, potentially lengthening satiety after meals. GLP-1 receptor agonists also act on dopaminergic reward pathways, which may reduce the craving for less healthy foods.
Slowing Gastric Emptying:
By binding to GLP-1 receptors in the gastrointestinal tract, GLP-1 receptor agonists may increase satiety after meals, thus potentially reducing food intake. Slowed gastric emptying is one of the crucial mechanisms whereby GLP-1 receptor agonists may support weight management and glycemic control, improving overall metabolic health.
Effects on Fat Metabolism:
Research suggests GLP-1 receptor agonists also influence fat metabolism and energy expenditure. They may directly affect the reduction in adipose tissue by increasing lipid oxidation, promoting fat metabolism, and increasing basal energy expenditure.
Clinical Benefits of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists for Weight Management
Weight management and improvement in obesity-related medical conditions are two significant clinical benefits of GLP-1 receptor agonists. In many studies, they deliver superior results compared to other anti-obesity medications.
Weight Management Outcomes:
Studies have consistently demonstrated the potential of GLP-1 receptor agonists in supporting significant weight management among patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Additional studies are ongoing for patients with obesity but without type 2 diabetes. The majority of patients may lose ≥ 5% of their body weight within 12-18 months.
Trials, such as the SCALE and LEADER trials, demonstrate that GLP-1 liraglutide and semaglutide may lead to weight management from 4% to 15%.
Improvement in Obesity-Related Conditions:
The potential benefit of GLP-1 receptor agonists extends beyond weight management to also improvement in obesity-related comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease and risk factors, type 2 diabetes mellitus, fatty liver disease, and infertility.
Several clinical trials, like the LEADER and SUSTAIN trials, demonstrate that GLP-1 receptor agonists not only may support weight management and improve blood glucose control but also may help manage blood pressure and improve dyslipidemia, with the cumulative benefit of potentially reducing cardiovascular disease risk.
Their potential efficacy extends to improving other metabolic syndrome components, like reducing hepatic steatosis.
Comparison with Other Weight Management Medications:
GLP-1 receptor agonists have demonstrated potential superiority over other anti-obesity agents thus far, in terms of percentage of weight management.
Other anti-obesity drugs like phentermine, topiramate, and orlistat result in low to moderate amounts of weight management (3-10%), and their use is often limited by adverse effects, such as cardiovascular changes, sedation, or gastrointestinal upset.
With GLP-1 receptor agonists offering higher potential weight management benefits of at least 4-15%, while providing other cardiovascular and metabolic benefits, they can offer a more favorable course of treatment.
Gastrointestinal (GI) problems, like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation, are the most common. Nausea occurs in approximately 50% of patients, and vomiting occurs in an average of 15% of patients taking GLP-1 receptor agonists. GI side effects can be minimized by starting at a low dose and titrating up slowly. Dietary modifications, including smaller, more frequent, high-fiber meals can also help.
Injection site reactions with redness, swelling, and pain may occur, but it usually resolves within a few days. Rotating injection sites and injecting the medication correctly can reduce the frequency of injection site reactions.
A decrease in appetite is a significant, but expected, side effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists, and it often leads to reduced calorie intake. This supports the overall goals of glycemic control and weight management.
GLP-1 receptor agonists are known to increase the risk of pancreatitis, albeit rare.
Hypoglycemia (or low blood sugar) is also a potential risk, especially when GLP-1 receptor agonists are used in combination with other diabetes medications that reduce blood sugar, like insulin or sulfonylureas. While GLP-1 receptor agonists themselves are unlikely to cause hypoglycemia on their own, combining GLP-1 agonists with other agents that reduce blood sugar increases the likelihood of hypoglycemia.
Another rare but serious side effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists is the risk of thyroid cancer.
While GLP-1 receptor agonists may be significantly beneficial for some patients, they are not clinically appropriate for everyone. It is important to not only establish the appropriateness of treatment but also to utilize GLP-1 receptor agonists in a multifaceted treatment approach for weight management.
Eligibility Criteria for Treatment:
Selecting patients for treatment with GLP-1 receptor agonists for weight management involves several criteria. Candidates typically have a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² or ≥ 27 kg/m² with obesity-related comorbidities.
The use of GLP-1 receptor agonists for weight management is reserved for patients who have not achieved desired results through lifestyle modifications of diet and regular physical activity.
Patients with type 2 diabetes who would benefit from glycemic control alongside weight management may be good candidates for treatment with GLP-1 receptor agonists.
Integrating GLP-1 Receptor Agonists into a Comprehensive Weight Management Plan:
Utilizing GLP-1 receptor agonists in a holistic weight management approach relies upon dedicated lifestyle modifications, especially diet and regular physical exercise. GLP-1 receptor agonists may support weight management by reducing appetite and increasing fullness, which should be used as an adjunct treatment to fundamental dietary changes and regular exercise regimens.
Combining GLP-1 receptor agonists with lifestyle modifications, mindful eating, stress management, and adequate sleep may improve long-term weight management success and overall metabolic health.
[signup]
Key Takeaways
GLP-1 receptor agonists offer a promising option for weight management and have the potential to support the management of obesity and obesity-related conditions.
While they are widely used for the management of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, continued research into their clinical applications for additional obesity-related conditions is necessary to understand their full potential.
GLP-1 receptor agonists should be used only as part of a comprehensive weight management approach with diet, exercise, and other lifestyle modifications.
The information in this article is designed for educational purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for informed medical advice or care. This information should not be used to diagnose or treat any health problems or illnesses without consulting a doctor. Consult with a health care practitioner before relying on any information in this article or on this website.
Bezin J, Gouverneur A, Pénichon M, et al. GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and the Risk of Thyroid Cancer. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(2):384-390. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36356111/
Davies MJ, Bergenstal R, Bode B, et al. Efficacy of Liraglutide for Weight Loss Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: The SCALE Diabetes Randomized Clinical Trial [published correction appears in JAMA. 2016 Jan 5;315(1):90]. JAMA. 2015;314(7):687-699. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26284720/
Gadde KM, Allison DB, Ryan DH, et al. Effects of low-dose, controlled-release, phentermine plus topiramate combination on weight and associated comorbidities in overweight and obese adults (CONQUER): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial [published correction appears in Lancet. 2011 Apr 30;377(9776):1494]. Lancet. 2011;377(9774):1341-1352. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21481449/
Garvey WT, Birkenfeld AL, Dicker D, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Liraglutide 3.0 mg in Individuals With Overweight or Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Treated With Basal Insulin: The SCALE Insulin Randomized Controlled Trial. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(5):1085-1093. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32139381/
Gorgojo-Martínez JJ, Mezquita-Raya P, Carretero-Gómez J, et al. Clinical Recommendations to Manage Gastrointestinal Adverse Events in Patients Treated with Glp-1 Receptor Agonists: A Multidisciplinary Expert Consensus. J Clin Med. 2022;12(1):145. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9821052/
Hu G, Ding J, Ryan DH. Trends in obesity prevalence and cardiometabolic risk factor control in US adults with diabetes, 1999-2020. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2023;31(3):841-851. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36697975/
Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(19):1834-1844. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27633186/
Masmiquel L, Leiter LA, Vidal J, et al. LEADER 5: prevalence and cardiometabolic impact of obesity in cardiovascular high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: baseline global data from the LEADER trial. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2016;15:29. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26864124/
Mathiesen JS, Effraimidis G, Rossing M, et al. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2: A review. Semin Cancer Biol. 2022;79:163-179. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33812987/
Silverii GA, Monami M, Gallo M, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and risk of thyroid cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2024;26(3):891–900. https://dom-pubs.pericles-prod.literatumonline.com/doi/10.1111/dom.15382
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