Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that approximately 18 million lives are lost to CVD annually, representing about 1/3 of all deaths. Recognizing the critical need for early detection and prevention, there has been a concentrated effort on technological advancements to revolutionize preventive cardiovascular care.
Personal heart monitors are one such advancement that offers individuals real-time insights into their heart health. These compact devices enable proactive self-monitoring, empowering users to make informed lifestyle choices and decisions and seek timely interventions. Personal heart monitors hold significant promise in transforming preventive cardiovascular care in this digital health era.
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The Burden of Cardiovascular DiseasesΒ
βCardiovascular diseaseβ refers to a range of disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels, including conditions like coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure, and high blood pressure. CVD accounts for over 30% of global deaths, with heart attack and stroke being the leading contributors. The American Heart Association reports that nearly half of adults over the age of 20 in the United States are affected. Excluding high blood pressure, the overall prevalence is approximately 10%, emphasizing the widespread nature of blood pressure dysregulation. CVD prevalence is highest among African Americans, at nearly 60%.
Behavioral factors play a significant role in CVD risk, the most prevalent factors being an unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and the use of alcohol and tobacco. These lifestyle choices contribute to elevated blood pressure, blood sugar, and cholesterol, along with obesity, all increasing the susceptibility to CVD. Less than 25% of US adults meet the national recommendations for physical activity, and over 70% of US adults are overweight or obese. Additional CVD risk factors include stress, genetic predispositions, and aging.
Early detection of CVD plays a pivotal role in achieving optimal outcomes. Timely identification allows for prompt intervention through counseling and medication, contributing to more effective prevention and management strategies. By addressing behavioral aspects affecting heart health and recognizing early signs, individuals and healthcare professionals can work collaboratively toward reducing the burden of CVD globally. This comprehensive approach, encompassing awareness, risk reduction, and early intervention, is crucial in addressing this ongoing and serious public health issue.
Understanding Personal Heart MonitorsΒ
Personal heart monitors are devices designed to track and monitor various aspects of cardiovascular health. There are several types of personal heart monitors, each offering unique features and applications.
Wearable Devices
Wearable devices, ranging from small accessories to skin patches, serve as convenient and user-friendly health monitors. Basic fitness trackers provide fundamental data like step counts and real-time heart rate monitoring during daily activities and exercise.
Smartwatches are more advanced wearable devices that have rapidly evolved in recent years, offering a wide range of features for health monitoring. They come in various forms, such as the popular Apple Watch or Oura ring, and are equipped with sensors to track and record different health metrics. These metrics go beyond the basics, incorporating heart rate variability, sleep duration, and quality, skin temperature, and respiratory rate.
Some smartwatches can even perform electrocardiograms (EKGs or ECGs), which measure the heartβs electrical activity. ECGs are used to monitor for arrhythmias or irregular heart rhythms.
Implantable Monitors
Implantable monitors offer highly advanced technologies for those requiring more aggressive cardiovascular surveillance. Surgically placed within the body, devices like the implantable loop recorder, also known as a cardiac event recorder, provide continuous heartbeat monitoring with detailed data for up to three years. These devices are useful in detecting irregular heartbeats, investigating unexplained strokes or fainting, and assessing the risk of stroke in individuals with certain heart conditions.
Other implantable devices are available for both monitoring and managing more severe cardiac conditions. A pacemaker, for example, monitors the heartβs rhythm and delivers electrical impulses to stimulate the heart, regulating it when needed. An implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), like a pacemaker, continuously monitors the heartβs rhythm but will deliver a shock to restore normal rhythm when it detects a dangerous arrhythmia.
Personal heart monitors, from wearable devices to implantable technologies, offer diverse solutions for proactive cardiovascular health management. As technology advances, these tools are expected to undergo further refinements and innovations, contributing to more personalized and effective healthcare.
Benefits of Personal Heart Monitors in Preventive Care
Personal heart monitors are valuable tools in preventive care, aiding in the early detection of heart-related issues and promoting personalized health strategies. By tracking heart rate and heart rate variability, users and healthcare providers can gain insights into the individualβs resting heart rate and changes during exercise, offering a deeper understanding of fitness levels and recovery rates after physical activity. Conditions such as high blood pressure or arrhythmias may be associated with higher resting heart rates and lower heart rate variability. Additionally, devices like smartwatches alert users when there are deviations from normal patterns, facilitating early detection of potential heart-related issues.
The real-time data collected by these devices serves as a resource for progress tracking and chronic disease management. Continuous monitoring of vital signs, including heart rate and respiratory rate, aids healthcare providers in early detection and the personalization of treatment plans based on individual health metrics. Metrics like resting heart rate, heart rate variability, steps taken, and physical activity data provide a comprehensive understanding of a patient's overall health, facilitating progress assessments and adjustments to treatment plans during follow-up visits. The analysis of this data can assist functional medicine providers in tailoring recommendations specific to the individual. Moreover, personal heart monitors offer a cost-effective and convenient means of collecting health data.
Specialized medical wearables, including wearable ECG and blood pressure monitors, further contribute to cardiovascular health management by providing specific feedback crucial for diagnosing and monitoring chronic diseases. Wearable devices that measure blood pressure are valuable for assessing accurate readings throughout the day, especially when considering the common phenomenon known as "white coat syndrome," which refers to elevated blood pressure due to nervousness in clinical settings. These devices can provide more accurate guidance in formulating treatment plans and appropriately customizing interventions for cardiovascular health.
Beyond offering valuable information for healthcare providers, personal heart monitors have the potential to enhance patient engagement. By providing insights into habits and progress, they may foster adherence to exercise routines and other health-related activities, empowering individuals to manage their heart health proactively.
Integrating Personal Heart Monitors into Clinical Practice
Incorporating personal heart monitors into patient care plans requires a thoughtful approach that considers many factors. Strategies should encompass comprehensive patient education on device usage, effective data interpretation, and integration of the monitoring data into electronic patient medical records. By implementing these strategies, healthcare practitioners can enhance patient care and promote proactive health management.
Assessing Patient Readiness
Before recommending or prescribing personal heart monitors, healthcare practitioners should thoroughly assess the patient's willingness and ability to use these devices. Consideration should be given to factors such as the patient's technological proficiency, comfort with wearable technology, and motivation to actively engage in monitoring their cardiovascular health.
Patient Education
Successful integration of personal heart monitors requires that the patient understands monitoring goals and how to use the device for accurate readings properly. Healthcare practitioners should invest time into educating their patients about the monitors, emphasizing the importance of consistent wear, appropriate placement, and adherence to usage guidelines. Providing clear instructions and educational materials and conducting follow-up sessions can ensure that patients maximize the benefits of these devices, leading to more accurate and reliable data.
Data Interpretation
Healthcare practitioners should prioritize developing expertise in interpreting the data generated by personal heart monitors. This encompasses understanding the various metrics, how to interpret them, and staying informed of any technological advancements.
Integration into EHRs
Healthcare practitioners can optimize the utility of personal heart monitor data by integrating it into their current electronic health records (EHR) system. Working with their EHR provider to facilitate this integration ensures that the information is easily accessible during consultations and available for developing data-informed treatment plans. This integration also helps to establish secure and compliant protocols to protect patient data, addressing any concerns related to privacy and data security.
Continuous Monitoring and Adjustments
Patients should be encouraged to monitor continuously, while healthcare practitioners should regularly review trends, patterns, and changes in the patientβs data. This ongoing review can promote timely interventions and appropriate modifications to treatment plans, fostering a proactive approach that can positively impact patient outcomes and prevent potential cardiovascular issues.
Challenges and Considerations
The use of personal heart monitors comes with several potential challenges and considerations that healthcare practitioners need to address for effective integration into patient care plans.
First, the accuracy of the data must be considered. While devices like smartwatches offer various advantages, discrepancies in metrics such as step counts and the uncertain clinical benefits of remote ECG devices raise concerns about their reliability. Understanding this heart rhythm data is difficult because professionals don't agree on its interpretation. This is particularly true when using devices like the Apple Watch, where nearly 1/3 of readings are inconclusive.
Another important consideration is the security of patient data generated by these devices. Ensuring the confidentiality of this information with proper integration into a secure EHR system is necessary.
Patient compliance is yet another significant factor influencing the effectiveness of personal heart monitors. A thorough assessment prior to recommending a monitor can help to address potential challenges related to patient engagement and adherence. Healthcare practitioners should also exercise caution in their recommendations with certain patients, emphasizing the importance of balanced use and discouraging unnecessary obsession with monitoring data.
Choosing the appropriate device is equally important. Healthcare practitioners should carefully select devices to align their features with the patient's health conditions and goals. Recognizing the limitations of wearables, particularly in monitoring arrhythmias, is crucial. These devices generate less accurate ECG readings, as they utilize only one lead instead of the standard 12 leads used in a doctor's office. To maintain safe recommendations, acknowledging these limitations is warranted.
From an ethical standpoint, ensuring equitable access to monitoring technology is also essential for promoting inclusivity in healthcare. Practitioners must account for varying technological proficiencies among patients and address potential disparities in access based on factors such as socioeconomic status or geographical location.
While personal heart monitors have significant potential, addressing accuracy concerns, ensuring data security, and considering individual patient needs and access are important for successfully integrating personal heart monitors into patient care plans.
Future Directions in Heart Monitoring Technology
Future innovations in heart monitoring technology are positioned to revolutionize preventive cardiovascular care. Artificial intelligence and machine learning advancements are driving significant progress in medical devices. Wearable ECG sensors, for instance, are undergoing development to more accurately detect heart rhythm, with emerging applications in stroke prediction and stress detection.
Innovations also extend to the design of stretchable patch devices that conform comfortably to the skin, enhancing wearability and improving the accuracy of ECG signals. Integration with telehealth services enhances accessibility, allowing valuable data to be reviewed remotely and reducing the need for in-person visits.
Moreover, there is a focus on incorporating biometric identification into heart monitoring for heightened security. Researchers have discovered that the unique patterns of heartbeats, measured by an ECG, can serve as a distinct identifier, similar to a fingerprint. Machine learning algorithms can interpret these patterns, providing a secure means of confirming an individual's identity.
Β The future of cardiac monitoring holds promising developments, including biometrics, smart pillboxes to help patients take their medication as prescribed and merging patient data with EHR systems to better identify and manage risk factors. While these areas necessitate further research, substantial strides are being made toward shaping a more advanced approach to preventive cardiovascular care.
These advancements significantly improve cardiac healthcare by enabling early detection and precise diagnosis by playing a crucial role in personalized interventions for better patient outcomes.
[signup]
Personal Heart Monitors For Preventive Care: Key Takeaways
Personal heart monitors are promising tools in the realm of preventive cardiovascular care. Given the severity of CVD as a global public health issue, approaches to early detection and intervention are needed. Personal heart monitors, ranging from wearable devices to implantable technologies, offer innovative solutions for proactive heart health management. Undergoing rapid advancements in technology, these devices provide real-time health insights and the potential to empower individuals to make informed lifestyle choices. Personal heart monitors can serve to enhance early detection, influence personalized care strategies, and foster patient engagement. As the focus on preventive cardiovascular care evolves, there is a need for ongoing research, development, and the adoption of heart monitoring technology. The future of cardiac monitoring holds promise, with advancements that have the potential to significantly improve outcomes for individuals at risk of cardiovascular disease.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that approximately 18 million lives are lost to CVD annually, representing about 1/3 of all deaths. Recognizing the critical need for early detection and prevention, there has been a concentrated effort on technological advancements to revolutionize preventive cardiovascular care.
Personal heart monitors are one such advancement that offers individuals real-time insights into their heart health. These compact devices enable proactive self-monitoring, empowering users to make informed lifestyle choices and decisions and seek timely interventions. Personal heart monitors hold significant promise in transforming preventive cardiovascular care in this digital health era.
[signup]
The Burden of Cardiovascular DiseasesΒ
βCardiovascular diseaseβ refers to a range of disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels, including conditions like coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure, and high blood pressure. CVD accounts for over 30% of global deaths, with heart attack and stroke being the leading contributors. The American Heart Association reports that nearly half of adults over the age of 20 in the United States are affected. Excluding high blood pressure, the overall prevalence is approximately 10%, emphasizing the widespread nature of blood pressure dysregulation. CVD prevalence is highest among African Americans, at nearly 60%.
Behavioral factors play a significant role in CVD risk, the most prevalent factors being an unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and the use of alcohol and tobacco. These lifestyle choices contribute to elevated blood pressure, blood sugar, and cholesterol, along with obesity, all increasing the susceptibility to CVD. Less than 25% of US adults meet the national recommendations for physical activity, and over 70% of US adults are overweight or obese. Additional CVD risk factors include stress, genetic predispositions, and aging.
Early detection of CVD plays a pivotal role in achieving optimal outcomes. Timely identification allows for prompt intervention through counseling and medication, contributing to more effective prevention and management strategies. By addressing behavioral aspects affecting heart health and recognizing early signs, individuals and healthcare professionals can work collaboratively toward reducing the burden of CVD globally. This comprehensive approach, encompassing awareness, risk reduction, and early intervention, is crucial in addressing this ongoing and serious public health issue.
Understanding Personal Heart MonitorsΒ
Personal heart monitors are devices designed to track and monitor various aspects of cardiovascular health. There are several types of personal heart monitors, each offering unique features and applications.
Wearable Devices
Wearable devices, ranging from small accessories to skin patches, serve as convenient and user-friendly health monitors. Basic fitness trackers provide fundamental data like step counts and real-time heart rate monitoring during daily activities and exercise.
Smartwatches are more advanced wearable devices that have rapidly evolved in recent years, offering a wide range of features for health monitoring. They come in various forms, such as the popular Apple Watch or Oura ring, and are equipped with sensors to track and record different health metrics. These metrics go beyond the basics, incorporating heart rate variability, sleep duration, and quality, skin temperature, and respiratory rate.
Some smartwatches can even perform electrocardiograms (EKGs or ECGs), which measure the heartβs electrical activity. ECGs are used to monitor for arrhythmias or irregular heart rhythms.
Implantable Monitors
Implantable monitors offer highly advanced technologies for those requiring more aggressive cardiovascular surveillance. Surgically placed within the body, devices like the implantable loop recorder, also known as a cardiac event recorder, provide continuous heartbeat monitoring with detailed data for up to three years. These devices are useful in detecting irregular heartbeats, investigating unexplained strokes or fainting, and assessing the risk of stroke in individuals with certain heart conditions.
Other implantable devices are available for both monitoring and managing more severe cardiac conditions. A pacemaker, for example, monitors the heartβs rhythm and delivers electrical impulses to stimulate the heart, regulating it when needed. An implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), like a pacemaker, continuously monitors the heartβs rhythm but will deliver a shock to restore normal rhythm when it detects a dangerous arrhythmia.
Personal heart monitors, from wearable devices to implantable technologies, offer diverse solutions for proactive cardiovascular health management. As technology advances, these tools are expected to undergo further refinements and innovations, contributing to more personalized and effective healthcare.
Benefits of Personal Heart Monitors in Preventive Care
Personal heart monitors are valuable tools in preventive care, aiding in the early detection of heart-related issues and promoting personalized health strategies. By tracking heart rate and heart rate variability, users and healthcare providers can gain insights into the individualβs resting heart rate and changes during exercise, offering a deeper understanding of fitness levels and recovery rates after physical activity. Conditions such as high blood pressure or arrhythmias may be associated with higher resting heart rates and lower heart rate variability. Additionally, devices like smartwatches alert users when there are deviations from normal patterns, facilitating early detection of potential heart-related issues.
The real-time data collected by these devices serves as a resource for progress tracking and chronic disease management. Continuous monitoring of vital signs, including heart rate and respiratory rate, aids healthcare providers in early detection and the personalization of treatment plans based on individual health metrics. Metrics like resting heart rate, heart rate variability, steps taken, and physical activity data provide a comprehensive understanding of a patient's overall health, facilitating progress assessments and adjustments to treatment plans during follow-up visits. The analysis of this data can assist functional medicine providers in tailoring recommendations specific to the individual. Moreover, personal heart monitors offer a cost-effective and convenient means of collecting health data.
Specialized medical wearables, including wearable ECG and blood pressure monitors, further contribute to cardiovascular health management by providing specific feedback crucial for diagnosing and monitoring chronic diseases. Wearable devices that measure blood pressure are valuable for assessing accurate readings throughout the day, especially when considering the common phenomenon known as "white coat syndrome," which refers to elevated blood pressure due to nervousness in clinical settings. These devices can provide more accurate guidance in formulating treatment plans and appropriately customizing interventions for cardiovascular health.
Beyond offering valuable information for healthcare providers, personal heart monitors have the potential to enhance patient engagement. By providing insights into habits and progress, they may foster adherence to exercise routines and other health-related activities, empowering individuals to manage their heart health proactively.
Integrating Personal Heart Monitors into Clinical Practice
Incorporating personal heart monitors into patient care plans requires a thoughtful approach that considers many factors. Strategies should encompass comprehensive patient education on device usage, effective data interpretation, and integration of the monitoring data into electronic patient medical records. By implementing these strategies, healthcare practitioners can enhance patient care and promote proactive health management.
Assessing Patient Readiness
Before recommending or prescribing personal heart monitors, healthcare practitioners should thoroughly assess the patient's willingness and ability to use these devices. Consideration should be given to factors such as the patient's technological proficiency, comfort with wearable technology, and motivation to actively engage in monitoring their cardiovascular health.
Patient Education
Successful integration of personal heart monitors requires that the patient understands monitoring goals and how to use the device for accurate readings properly. Healthcare practitioners should invest time into educating their patients about the monitors, emphasizing the importance of consistent wear, appropriate placement, and adherence to usage guidelines. Providing clear instructions and educational materials and conducting follow-up sessions can ensure that patients maximize the benefits of these devices, leading to more accurate and reliable data.
Data Interpretation
Healthcare practitioners should prioritize developing expertise in interpreting the data generated by personal heart monitors. This encompasses understanding the various metrics, how to interpret them, and staying informed of any technological advancements.
Integration into EHRs
Healthcare practitioners can optimize the utility of personal heart monitor data by integrating it into their current electronic health records (EHR) system. Working with their EHR provider to facilitate this integration ensures that the information is easily accessible during consultations and available for developing data-informed treatment plans. This integration also helps to establish secure and compliant protocols to protect patient data, addressing any concerns related to privacy and data security.
Continuous Monitoring and Adjustments
Patients should be encouraged to monitor continuously, while healthcare practitioners should regularly review trends, patterns, and changes in the patientβs data. This ongoing review can promote timely interventions and appropriate modifications to treatment plans, fostering a proactive approach that can positively impact patient outcomes and prevent potential cardiovascular issues.
Challenges and Considerations
The use of personal heart monitors comes with several potential challenges and considerations that healthcare practitioners need to address for effective integration into patient care plans.
First, the accuracy of the data must be considered. While devices like smartwatches offer various advantages, discrepancies in metrics such as step counts and the uncertain clinical benefits of remote ECG devices raise concerns about their reliability. Understanding this heart rhythm data is difficult because professionals don't agree on its interpretation. This is particularly true when using devices like the Apple Watch, where nearly 1/3 of readings are inconclusive.
Another important consideration is the security of patient data generated by these devices. Ensuring the confidentiality of this information with proper integration into a secure EHR system is necessary.
Patient compliance is yet another significant factor influencing the effectiveness of personal heart monitors. A thorough assessment prior to recommending a monitor can help to address potential challenges related to patient engagement and adherence. Healthcare practitioners should also exercise caution in their recommendations with certain patients, emphasizing the importance of balanced use and discouraging unnecessary obsession with monitoring data.
Choosing the appropriate device is equally important. Healthcare practitioners should carefully select devices to align their features with the patient's health conditions and goals. Recognizing the limitations of wearables, particularly in monitoring arrhythmias, is crucial. These devices generate less accurate ECG readings, as they utilize only one lead instead of the standard 12 leads used in a doctor's office. To maintain safe recommendations, acknowledging these limitations is warranted.
From an ethical standpoint, ensuring equitable access to monitoring technology is also essential for promoting inclusivity in healthcare. Practitioners must account for varying technological proficiencies among patients and address potential disparities in access based on factors such as socioeconomic status or geographical location.
While personal heart monitors have significant potential, addressing accuracy concerns, ensuring data security, and considering individual patient needs and access are important for successfully integrating personal heart monitors into patient care plans.
Future Directions in Heart Monitoring Technology
Future innovations in heart monitoring technology are positioned to revolutionize preventive cardiovascular care. Artificial intelligence and machine learning advancements are driving significant progress in medical devices. Wearable ECG sensors, for instance, are undergoing development to more accurately detect heart rhythm, with emerging applications in stroke prediction and stress detection.
Innovations also extend to the design of stretchable patch devices that conform comfortably to the skin, enhancing wearability and improving the accuracy of ECG signals. Integration with telehealth services enhances accessibility, allowing valuable data to be reviewed remotely and reducing the need for in-person visits.
Moreover, there is a focus on incorporating biometric identification into heart monitoring for heightened security. Researchers have discovered that the unique patterns of heartbeats, measured by an ECG, can serve as a distinct identifier, similar to a fingerprint. Machine learning algorithms can interpret these patterns, providing a secure means of confirming an individual's identity.
Β The future of cardiac monitoring holds promising developments, including biometrics, smart pillboxes to help patients take their medication as prescribed and merging patient data with EHR systems to better identify and manage risk factors. While these areas necessitate further research, substantial strides are being made toward shaping a more advanced approach to preventive cardiovascular care.
These advancements significantly improve cardiac healthcare by enabling early detection and precise diagnosis by playing a crucial role in personalized interventions for better patient outcomes.
[signup]
Personal Heart Monitors For Preventive Care: Key Takeaways
Personal heart monitors are promising tools in the realm of preventive cardiovascular care. Given the severity of CVD as a global public health issue, approaches to early detection and intervention are needed. Personal heart monitors, ranging from wearable devices to implantable technologies, offer innovative solutions for proactive heart health management. Undergoing rapid advancements in technology, these devices provide real-time health insights and the potential to empower individuals to make informed lifestyle choices. Personal heart monitors can serve to enhance early detection, influence personalized care strategies, and foster patient engagement. As the focus on preventive cardiovascular care evolves, there is a need for ongoing research, development, and the adoption of heart monitoring technology. The future of cardiac monitoring holds promise, with advancements that have the potential to significantly improve outcomes for individuals at risk of cardiovascular disease.
The information in this article is designed for educational purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for informed medical advice or care. This information should not be used to diagnose or treat any health problems or illnesses without consulting a doctor. Consult with a health care practitioner before relying on any information in this article or on this website.
American Heart Association. (2024). Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data. Seth S. Martin, Aaron W. Aday, Zaid I. Almarzooq, Cheryl A.M. Anderson, Pankaj Arora, Christy L. Avery, Carissa M. Baker-Smith, Bethany Barone Gibbs, Andrea Z. Beaton, Amelia K. Boehme, Yvonne Commodore-Mensah, Maria E. Currie, Mitchell S.V. Elkind, Kelly R. Evenson, Giuliano Generoso, Debra G. Heard, Swapnil Hiremath, Michelle C. Johansen, Rizwan Kalani, et al. Circulation. Published online January 24, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001209
Bhanvadia, S. B., Brar, M. S., Delavar, A., Tavakoli, K., Saseendrakumar, B. R., Weinreb, R. N., Zangwill, L. M., & Baxter, S. L. (2022). Assessing Usability of Smartwatch Digital Health Devices for Home Blood Pressure Monitoring among Glaucoma Patients. Informatics (MDPI), 9(4), 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics9040079
Bouzid, Z., Al-Zaiti, S. S., Bond, R., & SejdiΔ, E. (2022). Remote and wearable ECG devices with diagnostic abilities in adults: A state-of-the-science scoping review. Heart rhythm, 19(7), 1192β1201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2022.02.030
Case, M. A., Burwick, H. A., Volpp, K. G., & Patel, M. S. (2015). Accuracy of Smartphone Applications and Wearable Devices for Tracking Physical Activity Data. JAMA, 313(6), 625. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.17841
Duncker, D., Ding, W. Y., Etheridge, S., Noseworthy, P. A., Veltmann, C., Yao, X., Bunch, T. J., & Gupta, D. (2021). Smart Wearables for Cardiac Monitoring-Real-World Use beyond Atrial Fibrillation. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 21(7), 2539. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21072539
Golbus, J. R., Lopez-Jimenez, F., Barac, A., Cornwell, W. K., Dunn, P., Forman, D. E., Martin, S. S., Schorr, E., & Supervia, M. (2023). Digital Technologies in Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation, 148(1), 95β107. https://doi.org/10.1161/cir.0000000000001150
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. βPacemakers - What Are Pacemakers? | NHLBI, NIH.βΒ Www.nhlbi.nih.gov,Β www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pacemakers.
Pato, Joseph N, and Lynette I Millett. βIntroduction and Fundamental Concepts.β Nih.gov,Β National Academies Press (US), 2010, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK219892/.
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