Title
Subscribe to the Magazine for free
Subscribe for free to keep reading! If you are already subscribed, enter your email address to log back in.
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Are you a healthcare practitioner?
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.

9 Most Commonly Ordered Functional Medicine Thyroid Labs

Why This Was Updated?

Our specialists regularly review advancements in health and wellness, ensuring our articles are updated with the newest information as it becomes accessible.
Medically Reviewed by

According to the American Thyroid Association, over 20 million Americans live with thyroid disease, yet up to 60% are unaware of their condition: this means that comprehensive thyroid testing has never been more essential. These undetected imbalances can rob a person of her or his quality of life, affecting everything from energy levels to mood, fertility, and overall health.Β 

Identifying thyroid imbalances is key, and functional medicine provides a more thorough approach to testing than standard methods.

This article is a comprehensive guide to the nine most commonly ordered thyroid labs in functional medicine. We will explore the physiology behind each test, explain why each is essential for assessing thyroid health, and highlight the importance of comprehensive testing for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment.

Sign Up to Order Thyroid Labs

[signup]

What is Functional Medicine?

Functional medicine is a holistic approach to healthcare that focuses on identifying and addressing the root causes of health issues, not just treating symptoms. It emphasizes personalized care, considering an individual’s genetics, environment, and lifestyle.Β 

Comprehensive lab testing is a cornerstone of functional medicine because it allows practitioners to understand the root cause of a person’s condition.

Why General Thyroid Testing May Miss Critical Information

Conventional thyroid testing typically involves only two tests:‍

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

TSH is typically the initial test run to assess thyroid function; if excessively high or low, a free or total T4 may then be run. However, many functional medicine providers feel that the upper limit of TSH misses many individuals with symptomatic thyroid dysfunction, especially when run as a single biomarker.Β Β 

The thyroid hormone T4 (Thyroxine)

While these tests are useful, they may fail to detect subtle imbalances or underlying issues. Many individuals with normal TSH and Free T4 levels still experience symptoms of thyroid dysfunction, which comprehensive testing can uncover.

Missed Diagnoses

Standard tests often miss autoimmune thyroid disease or issues with converting T4 to T3. Comprehensive testing can catch these imbalances.

Conditions like Hashimoto’s thyroiditis or Graves’ disease require antibody testing, which standard panels do not include.

Poor conversion of T4 to T3 is important to catch in people who have persistent hypothyroid symptoms despite having β€œnormal” labs.Β 

Symptoms of Thyroid Dysfunction

Recognizing thyroid symptoms is the first step in seeking timely treatment. Symptoms can vary and affect different body systems:

Hypothyroid Symptoms (Underactive Thyroid)

  • Weight gain
  • Cold intolerance
  • Dry skin
  • Slow heart rate (bradycardia)
  • Muscle weakness or cramps
  • Memory problems or difficulty concentrating ("brain fog")
  • Puffy face
  • Hoarseness
  • Joint pain or stiffness

Hyperthyroid Symptoms (Overactive Thyroid)

  • Weight loss
  • Heat intolerance
  • Tremors (shaking hands)
  • Increased sweating
  • Irritability or mood swings
  • Bulging eyes (in Graves' disease)
  • Thinning skin
  • Fine, brittle hair
  • Irregular or light menstrual periods
  • Increased appetite

The Importance of Recognizing Thyroid Symptoms

Our culture has normalized unwellness, but that doesn’t mean that living with symptoms of thyroid dysfunction is normal.

Early detection and treatment can significantly improve quality of life and prevent some long-term complications, which we’ll explore below.Β 

Consequences of Thyroid Dysfunction

Living with thyroid dysfunction can put people at risk for long-term health conditions.

For example, chronic complications of hypothyroidism can include:

  • High cholesterol
  • Electrolyte imbalance, especially low sodium
  • Memory loss and brain fogΒ 
  • Carpal tunnel syndrome
  • Sleep apnea
  • Infertility

Chronic complications of hyperthyroidism can include:Β 

  • Cardiovascular events, including atrial fibrillation and stroke
  • Osteoporosis
  • Infertility
  • Thyroid Storm: this is a life-threatening complication of untreated hyperthyroidism, characterized by severe tachycardia, hyperthermia, and multi-organ dysfunction, with a high mortality rate, especially in older individuals.

Benefits of Functional Medicine Testing for Thyroid Health

Functional medicine integrates multiple lab tests to form a complete picture of thyroid health. This approach considers individual differences in hormone levels and metabolism, offering a more nuanced understanding compared to standard testing.

For example, unlike standard testing, functional medicine may assess Reverse T3 and Thyroid Antibodies to uncover hidden imbalances and autoimmune factors keeping your thyroid gland from functioning optimally.

The 9 Most Commonly Ordered Thyroid Functional Medicine Labs

Below are the 9 most commonly ordered thyroid labs in Functional Medicine:

1. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Physiology

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH), a hormone from your anterior pituitary gland, directs thyroid hormone production (T4 and T3) by signaling the thyroid gland to maintain metabolic balance. The less thyroid hormone the thyroid gland releases, the more TSH is released.Β 

Significance in Thyroid Assessment

TSH is a foundational indicator of thyroid function.Β 

However, TSH interpretation has its challenges because, while the current reference range is generally set between 0.4-5.49 mIU/L, research shows that an increased incidence of disease occurs in patients trending toward the high end (towards hypothyroidism) and the low end (towards hyperthyroidism) of the TSH reference range.

TSH should be interpreted within the context of an individual’s medical history and current symptoms, as well as using other biomarkers for a comprehensive clinical picture.

Practical Tips

  • Timing: TSH levels are best measured in the morning when hormone levels are most stable.
  • Consistency: having the test done at the same time each day can improve reliability, as hormone levels can fluctuate throughout the day.

2. & 3. Free and Total T4 (Thyroxine)

Physiology

T4, or thyroxine, is the primary hormone produced by the thyroid gland. T4 is considered a prohormone, meaning that it becomes most active when it is converted to the more active T3 hormone.Β 

T4 travels in the bloodstream on proteins (bound), until it is released (free) and converted to T3.Β 

There are two types of T4 measurements:

  • Total T4: measures both bound (attached to proteins in the blood) and unbound (free) T4.
  • Free T4: measures only the unbound, active T4 that is available for use by the body's tissues.

Significance in Thyroid Assessment

  • Total T4: provides a total picture of T4 hormone levels in your blood, including bound and free forms. This reveals a complete picture of the thyroid gland’s production of T4.
  • Free T4: this test helps doctors understand how much T4 is available to be converted to T3 and support your body’s metabolic processes. Alterations in the ratio of total to free T4 may indicate shifts in thyroid hormone production, usage, or in the amount of binding protein available.Β 

Practical Tips

  • Balanced Assessment: evaluating both free and total T4 levels provides a comprehensive understanding of total T4 thyroid hormone availability.

4. & 5. Free and Total T3 (Triiodothyronine)

Physiology

T3, or triiodothyronine, is the more active form of thyroid hormone. A small amount of T3 is made in the thyroid gland, but most comes from the conversion of T4 to T3 in the body’s tissues.Β 

Similar to T4, there are two measurements:

  • Total T3: Includes both bound and unbound T3 in the blood.
  • Free T3: Measures only the active, unbound T3 that is available for use by the body.

Significance in Thyroid Assessment

  • Metabolic Impact: T3 directly influences your metabolism, energy levels, and overall metabolic rate. Abnormal T3 levels, either too high or too low, can lead to significant health issues.
  • Diagnosing Specific Conditions: helps diagnose conditions like hyperthyroidism and T3 toxicosis (excessive T3), which may not be evident through TSH and T4 tests alone.Β Β 
  • Conversion Efficiency: when tested alongside T4, it evaluates how effectively your body is converting T4 to the active T3 form.
  • Binding Issues: high or low free thyroid hormone levels can signal a change in binding protein availability.

Practical Tips

  • Therapy Monitoring: essential for patients on T4 therapy (e.g., levothyroxine) to ensure adequate conversion to T3, and for patients on combined T3 and T4 therapy.
  • T3-Specific Disorders: important for diagnosing disorders that specifically affect T3 levels, providing a more detailed understanding of thyroid health.

6., 7. & 8.Thyroid Antibodies (TPOAb, TgAb and TSI)

Physiology

  • TPOAb (Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies): these antibodies attack thyroid peroxidase, an enzyme required for thyroid hormone production. High levels indicate an autoimmune response against the thyroid gland.
  • TgAb (Thyroglobulin Antibodies): these antibodies target thyroglobulin, a protein involved in thyroid hormone synthesis. Elevated levels also suggest an autoimmune thyroid attack.
  • TSI (Thyroid-Stimulating Immunoglobulin): these antibodies mimic the action of TSH, leading to excessive stimulation of the thyroid gland. Elevated TSI levels are primarily associated with Graves' disease, an autoimmune condition causing hyperthyroidism.

Significance in Thyroid Assessment

  • Autoimmune Detection: elevated thyroid antibodies are markers of autoimmune thyroid diseases such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (leading to hypothyroidism) and Graves’ disease (leading to hyperthyroidism).
  • Underlying Causes: discovering these antibodies helps identify the root cause of thyroid dysfunction, allowing for more targeted and effective treatment strategies.

Practical Tips

  • Comprehensive Diagnosis: testing for thyroid antibodies is essential for a full thyroid assessment, especially in symptomatic patients and patients with a family history of autoimmune thyroid disease.
  • Guiding Treatment: antibody testing helps tailor treatment plans to address the underlying autoimmune response.

9. Reverse T3 (rT3)

Physiology

Reverse T3 (rT3) is an inactive form of thyroid hormone produced when thyroxine (T4) is converted by type 3 deiodinase into an unusable form of T3.Β 

Unlike the active form, triiodothyronine (T3), rT3 does not have metabolic activity, meaning it does not contribute to the stimulation of metabolism, energy production, or other thyroid-related functions.Β 

The body produces rT3 as a natural process to regulate thyroid hormone levels, but during times of stress or illness, rT3 levels may increase as a way for the body to reduce energy expenditure and slow metabolism.

Monitoring rT3 levels can provide insight into how the body is managing energy and thyroid function, especially in people with thyroid-related symptoms.

Significance in Thyroid Assessment

  • Hormone Conversion Issues: elevated rT3 levels can indicate problems with the conversion of T4 to active T3, which can lead to symptoms of hypothyroidism despite normal TSH and T4 levels.
  • Stress Impact: testing reverse T3 helps assess how chronic stress or illness affects thyroid hormone activity, providing insights into chronic conditions and euthyroid sick syndrome.

Practical Tips

  • Chronic Stress Management: reverse T3 is useful for identifying patients who may benefit from stress reduction techniques to improve thyroid function.
  • Understanding Illness Impact: this test helps in understanding how non-thyroidal illnesses can affect thyroid hormone levels and overall health.

Uncovering Thyroid Imbalance: Next Steps

If you are concerned about your thyroid health and looking for answers, it’s important to work with a medical professional who can help you navigate the process of understanding your lab results and implementing the appropriate therapies to help you recover.Β 

Consult with a Functional Medicine Healthcare Provider

Professional Guidance: receive expert advice on ordering the appropriate thyroid tests, and their relevance to your symptoms.

Expert Interpretation: benefit from comprehensive analysis of lab results to develop a treatment plan tailored to you.

Take Proactive Steps Towards Optimal Thyroid Health

Your functional medicine provider may or may not recommend thyroid medication. Regardless of whether medication is part of your plan, following essential diet and lifestyle recommendations provides the foundation for long-term thyroid health:

Anti-Inflammatory DietΒ 

Following a diet rich in whole, unprocessed foods can reduce inflammation that negatively affects thyroid function. Focus on vegetables, fruits, lean proteins, healthy fats (like omega-3s from fish), and avoid inflammatory foods like refined sugar, processed foods, and trans fats.

Adequate Sleep

Prioritizing 7-9 hours of quality sleep supports thyroid hormone production and regulation. Sleep also helps to reduce stress, and stress reduction is important for maintaining balanced thyroid function.

Toxin Avoidance

Minimize exposure to environmental toxins such as pesticides, heavy metals, and endocrine disruptors (like BPA and phthalates), which can interfere with thyroid health. Opt for organic foods and natural cleaning and personal care products when possible.

Stress Reduction

Chronic stress can suppress thyroid function by disrupting the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Practices like mindfulness, yoga, deep breathing, and regular physical activity help lower stress levels and support thyroid health.

Balanced Nutrients

Ensure adequate intake of thyroid-supporting nutrients, like iodine (from seaweed or iodized salt), selenium (from Brazil nuts), zinc (from seeds, nuts, and meats), and vitamin D.Β 

These nutrients are essential for proper thyroid hormone production and function; however, it is important to understand that all supplements should be used under the direction of a licensed healthcare professional. Too much iodine can impair thyroid function.Β 

Regular Monitoring

Schedule follow-up tests to ensure sustained thyroid health and adjust treatments as needed. You and your healthcare provider will determine the optimal time frame for your long-term thyroid assessment.Β 

[signup]

Key Takeaways

Thyroid disorders are common yet often go undiagnosed, making comprehensive testing essential for accurate diagnosis.

Standard thyroid tests may miss important imbalances: conventional tests, like TSH and T4, may fail to detect subtle thyroid dysfunctions such as autoimmune diseases or hormone conversion issues, highlighting the need for a more in-depth testing approach used in functional medicine.

Functional medicine offers a holistic and personalized approach: by integrating comprehensive thyroid tests, including Reverse T3 and thyroid antibodies, functional medicine practitioners can uncover hidden imbalances, providing a clearer diagnosis and more targeted treatments for optimal thyroid health.

The information provided is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult with your doctor or other qualified healthcare provider before taking any dietary supplement or making any changes to your diet or exercise routine.
Learn More
No items found.

Lab Tests in This Article

No lab tests!

American Thyroid Association. (2016). General Information/Press Room. American Thyroid Association. https://www.thyroid.org/media-main/press-room/

Biondi, B. (2013). The Normal TSH Reference Range: What Has Changed in the Last Decade? The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 98(9), 3584–3587. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-2760

Bitton, R. N., & Wexler, C. (1990). Free triiodothyronine toxicosis: A distinct entity. The American Journal of Medicine, 88(5), 531–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(90)90435-g

Blake, K. (2023, May 22). Anti Inflammatory Diet 101: What to Eat and Avoid Plus Specialty Labs To Monitor Results. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/anti-inflammatory-dietΒ 

Bryant, A. (2024, September 2). How to Have a Good Night Sleep: Top Proven Strategies for Better Rest. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/how-to-have-a-good-night-sleep-top-proven-strategies-for-better-restΒ 

Bryant, A. (2024, August 2). Understanding Arrhythmias: Types, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/arrhythmias-basics-types-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment

Chan, N., Pak, K., Guo, A., Singla, P., & Sayegh, M. (2022). New-Onset Heart Failure in the Setting of T4-Conversion Disorder. Cureus, 14(5), e25024. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.25024

Cloyd, J. (2023, July 7). Integrative Approaches to Reducing Toxin Exposure in Everyday Life. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/integrative-approaches-to-reducing-toxin-exposure-in-everyday-life

Christie, J. (2022, December 6). The ultimate guide to thyroid hormones. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-complete-guide-to-thyroid-hormones-a-functional-medicine-approachΒ 

Christie, J. (2023, November 24). Why Do Functional Medicine Practitioners Prefer to Order Comprehensive Thyroid Panels? Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/why-do-functional-medicine-practitioners-prefer-to-order-comprehensive-thyroid-panelsΒ 

Cleveland Clinic. (2020, April 19). Thyroid Disease: Hypothyroidism & Hyperthyroidism | Cleveland Clinic. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8541-thyroid-disease

Cloyd, J. (2023, March 29). 10 Differential Diagnosis for Fatigue: Testing & Integrative Treatment Recommendations. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/10-differential-diagnosis-for-fatigue

Cloyd, J. (2023, March 22). 10 Differential Diagnoses for Your Constipation Patients. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/10-differential-diagnoses-for-your-constipation-patientsΒ 

Cloyd, J. A Functional Medicine Approach to Addressing Hair Loss in Women. (2023, September 8). Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-approach-to-addressing-hair-loss-in-womenΒ 

Cloyd, J. (2023, July 28). A functional medicine diarrhea protocol: Comprehensive lab testing, therapeutic diet, and supplements. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-diarrhea-protocol-comprehensive-lab-testing-therapeutic-diet-and-supplements

Cloyd, J. High Cholesterol: Causes, Implications, and Effective Management Strategies. (2024, June 28). Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/high-cholesterol-causes-implicationΒ 

Cloyd, J. Understanding Heart Palpitations: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment. (2024, June 20). Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/understanding-heart-palpitations-causes-diagnosis-and-treatmentΒ 

Cloyd, J. What Are Thyroid Antibodies? (2023, November 15). Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/what-are-thyroid-antibodiesΒ 

Cloyd, J. What Do High TSH Levels Indicate? (2023, October 20). Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/what-do-high-tsh-levels-indicateΒ 

Dunlap DB. Thyroid Function Tests. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. Boston: Butterworths; 1990. Chapter 142. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK249/

Ganesan K, Anastasopoulou C, Wadud K. Euthyroid Sick Syndrome. [Updated 2022 Dec 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482219/

Greenan, S. (2021, November 19). What is Functional Medicine? How Do I Find A Functional Medicine Practitioner? Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/what-is-functional-medicine

Henry, E. (2021, July 16). A Functional Medicine Approach to Thyroid Hormone Labs. Www.rupahealth.com. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-approach-to-thyroid-hormone-labsΒ 

Khakham, C. Getting To The Root Cause Of Your Patient’s Menstrual Irregularities Using The Menstrual Cycle Mapping Test. (2023, August 11). Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/getting-to-the-root-cause-of-your-patients-menstrual-irregularities-using-the-menstrual-cycle-mapping-testΒ 

Khakham, C. Top Labs To Run Bi-Annually on Your Graves’ Disease Patients. (2023, August 22). Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/top-labs-to-run-bi-annually-on-your-graves-disease-patientsΒ 

Kresge, K. (2023, February 21). An Integrative Medicine Approach to Depression. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/an-integrative-medicine-approach-to-depressionΒ 

Maholy, N. (2023, February 17). A functional medicine approach to anxiety: Testing, nutrition, & supplements. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-approach-to-anxietyΒ 

Maholy, N. (2023, April 14). How to reduce stress through mind-body therapies. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/how-to-reduce-stress-through-mind-body-therapiesΒ 

Mathew P, Kaur J, Rawla P. Hyperthyroidism. [Updated 2023 Mar 19]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537053/

Mincer DL, Jialal I. Hashimoto Thyroiditis. [Updated 2023 Jul 29]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459262/

Moura Neto, A., & Zantut-Wittmann, D. E. (2016). Abnormalities of Thyroid Hormone Metabolism during Systemic Illness: The Low T3 Syndrome in Different Clinical Settings. International journal of endocrinology, 2016, 2157583. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2157583

Neibling, K. (2023, February 7). What You Need to Know About The Thyroid Iodine Connection. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-thyroid-iodine-connectionΒ 

Patil N, Rehman A, Anastasopoulou C, et al. Hypothyroidism. [Updated 2024 Feb 18]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519536/

Pirahanchi Y, Toro F, Jialal I. Physiology, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone. [Updated 2023 May 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499850/

Pokhrel B, Bhusal K. Graves Disease. [Updated 2023 Jun 20]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448195/

Preston, J. (2023, March 8). 5 Ways That Stress Affects Women’s Health. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/how-stress-affects-womens-health

Puttaswamy, S. H., Nandibewur, N. P., Kumar, P., Venkataiah, V., & Pinjar, M. J. (2024). A Cross-Sectional Study of the Relationship Between Perceived Stress and Thyroid Function Among Apparently Normal Women in the Reproductive Age. Cureus, 16(3), e55567. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.55567

Screening for Thyroid Disease: Recommendation Statement. (2004). American Family Physician, 69(10), 2415–2418. https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0515/p2415.html

Shahid MA, Ashraf MA, Sharma S. Physiology, Thyroid Hormone. [Updated 2023 Jun 5]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500006/

Thyroid disease: assessment and management. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); 2019 Nov 20. (NICE Guideline, No. 145.) Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK550859/

THYROID FUNCTION TESTS: The β€œnew normal” for thyroid function test ranges. Vol 17 Issue 2 p.5-6 | American Thyroid Association. (2016). American Thyroid Association. https://www.thyroid.org/patient-thyroid-information/ct-for-patients/february-2024/vol-17-issue-2-p-5-6/

Yoshimura, H. (2023, October 3). Digging Deeper: How Root Cause Medicine Addresses Chronic Health Issues. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/digging-deeper-how-root-cause-medicine-addresses-chronic-health-issuesΒ 

Subscribe to the Magazine for free to keep reading!
Subscribe for free to keep reading, If you are already subscribed, enter your email address to log back in.
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Are you a healthcare practitioner?
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
See All Magazine Articles
Trusted Source
Rupa Health
Medical Education Platform
Visit Source
American Cancer Society
Foundation for Cancer Research
Visit Source
National Library of Medicine
Government Authority
Visit Source
Journal of The American College of Radiology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
National Cancer Institute
Government Authority
Visit Source
World Health Organization (WHO)
Government Authority
Visit Source
The Journal of Pediatrics
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
CDC
Government Authority
Visit Source
Office of Dietary Supplements
Government Authority
Visit Source
National Heart Lung and Blood Institute
Government Authority
Visit Source
National Institutes of Health
Government Authority
Visit Source
Clinical Infectious Diseases
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Brain
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Rheumatology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Journal of the National Cancer Institute (JNCI)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Hepatology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Kidney International
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Annals of Surgery
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Chest
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Blood
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Gastroenterology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The American Journal of Psychiatry
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Diabetes Care
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Clinical Oncology (JCO)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Journal of Clinical Investigation (JCI)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Circulation
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
JAMA Internal Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
PLOS Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Annals of Internal Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Nature Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The BMJ (British Medical Journal)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Lancet
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Pubmed
Comprehensive biomedical database
Visit Source
Harvard
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
Cleveland Clinic
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
Mayo Clinic
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Johns Hopkins
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source