Cardiology
|
October 31, 2024

9 Most Commonly Ordered Functional Medicine Cardiovascular Labs

Medically Reviewed by
Updated On
November 4, 2024

Every 33 seconds, someone in the United States dies from cardiovascular disease: heart disease is the leading cause of death for men, women, and most racial and ethnic groups across the country.

Identifying and managing heart health risks early can make all the difference in prevention and treatment. In functional medicine, practitioners take a comprehensive approach to cardiovascular testing, using advanced labs to provide a detailed look at heart health.

These labs go beyond the standard lipid panels used in conventional medicine, offering deeper insights into inflammation, metabolic health, and genetic predispositions that can lead to heart disease.

Together we will explore the most commonly ordered cardiovascular labs in functional medicine, explaining when these tests are ordered, what they reveal, and why they are essential for both patients and practitioners.

Sign up to Order Labs

[signup]

1. Advanced Lipid/Cholesterol Panel

A standard cholesterol test measures total cholesterol, LDL (low-density lipoprotein), HDL (high-density lipoprotein), VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein) and triglycerides. 

While this provides basic information, an advanced lipid panel goes much deeper. It assesses not only the total amounts of these fats in the blood but also their particle sizes, density, and specific types of lipoproteins.

Key Markers Often Included in an Advanced Lipid Panel

  • Apolipoprotein B (ApoB): ApoB is an important marker for heart disease risk because it represents the total number of harmful particles—like LDL, VLDL, and Lp(a)—circulating in the blood. High ApoB levels offer a more accurate assessment of cardiovascular risk than just measuring LDL cholesterol because it helps to identify the likelihood of atherosclerosis and guide more targeted, effective treatment plans to reduce heart disease risk.
  • Apolipoprotein A (ApoA): considered a protective factor against heart disease, ApoA  measures key proteins involved in cholesterol transport. For example, ApoA1, a major component of HDL particles, supports the removal of excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues and subsequent excretion. 
  • Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)]: Lp(a) is a genetic type of lipoprotein that can greatly increase the risk of heart disease, even if other cholesterol levels are normal. Since it's largely determined by genetics, Lp(a) levels stay mostly the same throughout life, so it usually only needs to be tested once.
  • Small Dense LDL (sdLDL): these smaller, denser LDL particles are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease because they are more likely to contribute to plaque buildup in the arteries.

Why It’s Ordered

An advanced lipid panel is ordered for patients with cardiovascular risk factors including a family history of heart disease or normal cholesterol levels but unexplained symptoms or risk factors. 

Advanced lipid panels are also excellent for people interested in health optimization. It provides a more nuanced look at cholesterol and helps identify hidden risks.

What It Reveals

This panel gives a detailed look at how cholesterol behaves in the body. It identifies patterns that increase the risk of heart disease, such as ApoA and ApoB, small dense LDL particles and elevated Lp(a), which are often missed in standard tests. 

Practitioners can then create more personalized treatment plans to lower these risks.

2. High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP)

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a well-established marker of inflammation in the body. Chronic inflammation drives the development of cardiovascular disease, particularly in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the arteries.

Why It’s Ordered

Functional medicine practitioners order hs-CRP to assess the level of inflammation in patients at risk for heart disease. It is often used alongside other markers to get a comprehensive picture of cardiovascular risk.

What It Reveals

Elevated hsCRP levels (between 3 to 20 mg/L) indicate systemic inflammation. It is associated with poor cardiovascular outcomes in patients including increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), heart attack, unstable angina and sudden cardiac death in people without diagnosed cardiovascular disease. 

This makes hsCRP a useful tool in evaluating cardiovascular risk, especially when other inflammatory conditions are ruled out.

3. Omega-3 Index

The Omega-3 Index measures the amount of omega-3 fatty acids, specifically EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), in red blood cells. Omega-3s are known for their heart-protective benefits, including reducing inflammation and lowering the risk of heart disease.

It reflects long-term intake of omega-3 fatty acids and offers additional predictive value for cardiovascular risk beyond traditional markers. 

Why It’s Ordered

This test is often ordered for patients with cardiovascular risk factors, those not responding well to traditional therapies, or anyone who needs to assess their dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids.

What It Reveals

The omega-3 index informs a person’s overall risk for coronary heart disease, particularly sudden cardiac death. Higher omega-3 index levels are associated with lower cardiovascular risk, with less than 4% considered high risk, 4-8% intermediate, and greater than 8% low risk. 

4. Diabetic Risk Labs (HbA1c, Fasting Insulin, and Glucose Tolerance)

Diabetes is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. 

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting insulin, and glucose tolerance tests assess how well the body regulates blood sugar and insulin levels.

Why They’re Ordered

Patients with metabolic syndrome, prediabetes, or diabetes are at higher risk for cardiovascular complications. These tests help evaluate blood sugar control and insulin sensitivity, which are essential in assessing cardiometabolic health.

What They Reveal

Elevated HbA1c and fasting insulin levels indicate poor blood sugar control and insulin resistance, both of which contribute to the development of heart disease. Early detection of these imbalances allows for interventions that improve both blood sugar and heart health.

5. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO)

TMAO is a byproduct of gut bacteria that is formed when certain foods, particularly red meat, are consumed. TMAO increases cardiovascular disease risk via multiple inflammatory and metabolic pathways, as it promotes atherosclerosis and blood clotting.

Why It’s Ordered

TMAO testing is often ordered for patients with unexplained cardiovascular symptoms or those consuming a high-animal-protein diet.

What It Reveals

High TMAO levels suggest an increased risk for atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases. By identifying high TMAO, practitioners can guide dietary changes to reduce heart disease risk.

6. Thyroid Function Tests (Comprehensive Thyroid Panel)

Thyroid hormones direct metabolism, including heart rate and cholesterol levels. A comprehensive thyroid panel assesses thyroid function by measuring TSH, Free T3, Free T4, and thyroid antibodies.

Why It’s Ordered

Thyroid dysfunction, such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, can increase cardiovascular risk. 

This test is ordered for patients with symptoms like fatigue, unexplained weight changes, or abnormal cholesterol levels.

What It Reveals

Hyperthyroidism is linked with an increased risk of atrial fibrillation and heightened cardiovascular risk, even in subclinical cases. On the other hand, hypothyroidism is associated with increased cholesterol levels, hypertension, and impaired heart function, all of which contribute to cardiovascular disease risk.

A thyroid panel helps identify thyroid imbalances that may be impacting heart health.

7. MTHFR Genetic Testing

The MTHFR gene mutation affects how the body processes folate and homocysteine, both of which are important for cardiovascular health. Elevated homocysteine levels are associated with a higher risk of heart disease.

According to one meta-analysis, the MTHFR mutation was found to elevate homocysteine concentrations by about 20%, translating into a 21% higher risk of ischemic heart disease and a 60% increased risk of deep vein thrombosis in individuals with the homozygous TT mutation compared to those with the wild-type genotype (CC).

Why It’s Ordered

This test is ordered when a patient has elevated homocysteine levels, unexplained cardiovascular issues, or a family history of heart disease.

What It Reveals

A mutation in the MTHFR gene can lead to elevated homocysteine, which increases inflammation and the risk of cardiovascular disease. Treatment may involve supplementing with specific B vitamins to help reduce homocysteine levels.

8. High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin I and T

Troponin I and T are cardiac-specific proteins found in heart muscle cells (cardiomyocytes). They regulate the interaction of actin and myosin in muscle contraction, making them essential for the contraction of heart muscles.

High-sensitivity troponin tests can detect even small levels of heart muscle damage: while traditionally used to diagnose acute cardiac events, troponin I and T, are now recognized as independent predictors of future cardiovascular events. 

Why They’re Ordered

This test is traditionally ordered for patients with chest pain or those at high risk of heart attacks to assess potential heart damage.

High-sensitivity troponin I and T assays are increasingly used in risk assessment to detect subtle heart damage, even in asymptomatic individuals, providing early prediction of future cardiovascular events. 

What They Reveal

Elevated troponin levels indicate heart muscle damage, which could suggest a recent heart attack or ongoing heart strain; it can also help monitor response to treatment. It is a key marker for assessing the severity of heart injury.

9. N-terminal pro-B-type Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP) and B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)

BNP and NT-proBNP are markers released by the heart in response to increased pressure, which occurs during heart failure or significant heart strain. 

BNP is a hormone that helps regulate blood pressure and fluid balance, while NT-proBNP is a precursor to BNP.

Why They’re Ordered

These tests are essential for diagnosing and monitoring heart failure and assessing the severity of heart dysfunction.

NT-proBNP is also used to assess stroke risk.

What They Reveal

Elevated NT-proBNP and BNP levels indicate heart failure or significant stress on the heart. 

Although their main clinical use is to help rule out heart failure in patients with shortness of breath, BNP and NT-proBNP also provide important information about the prognosis of heart failure, coronary artery disease, and valve problems. However, they aren't specific to one pathology; instead, they reflect overall stress on the heart.

[signup]

Key Takeaways

  • Heart Disease Prevalence
    • Causes a death every 33 seconds in the U.S.
    • Leading cause of death across all genders and most ethnic groups.
  • Early Risk Detection
    • Crucial for prevention and treatment.
    • Functional medicine uses comprehensive, advanced testing.
  • Advanced Cardiovascular Testing
    • Goes beyond standard lipid panels.
    • Assesses inflammation, metabolism, and genetics for personalized care.
  • Essential Cardiovascular Labs
    1. Advanced Lipid Panel
      • Detailed cholesterol types and particle sizes (ApoB, ApoA, Lp(a), etc.).
    2. High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP)
      • Measures systemic inflammation.
    3. Omega-3 Index
      • Levels of heart-protective omega-3 fatty acids.
    4. Diabetic Risk Labs (HbA1c, Insulin, Glucose Tolerance)
      • Evaluates blood sugar control and insulin resistance.
    5. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO)
      • Indicates gut-related cardiovascular risks.
    6. Comprehensive Thyroid Panel
      • Detects thyroid issues affecting heart health.
    7. MTHFR Genetic Testing
      • Identifies genetic mutations linked to heart disease.
    8. High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin I and T
      • Detects minor heart muscle damage.
    9. NT-proBNP and BNP
      • Indicates heart failure and heart stress.
  • Benefits of Advanced Testing
    • Uncovers hidden cardiovascular risks.
    • Enables tailored prevention and treatment strategies.
    • Enhances overall heart health management
The information provided is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult with your doctor or other qualified healthcare provider before taking any dietary supplement or making any changes to your diet or exercise routine.

Learn more

No items found.

Lab Tests in This Article

No lab tests!

Ahmad, M., Sniderman, A. D., & Hegele, R. A. (2023). Apolipoprotein B in cardiovascular risk assessment. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne, 195(33), E1124. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.230048

Bassuk, S. S., Rifai, N., & Ridker, P. M. (2004). High-sensitivity C-reactive protein: clinical importance. Current problems in cardiology, 29(8), 439–493.

Cappola, A. R., Desai, A. S., Medici, M., Cooper, L. S., Egan, D., Sopko, G., Fishman, G. I., Goldman, S., Cooper, D. S., Mora, S., Kudenchuk, P. J., Hollenberg, A. N., McDonald, C. L., Ladenson, P. W., Celi, F. S., Dillman, W., Ellervik, C., Gerdes, A. M., Ho, C., & Iervasi, G. (2019). Thyroid and Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation, 139(25), 2892–2909. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.118.036859

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024, April 29). Heart Disease Facts. Heart Disease. https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/data-research/facts-stats/index.html

Ceriello A. (2004). Impaired glucose tolerance and cardiovascular disease: the possible role of post-prandial hyperglycemia. American heart journal, 147(5), 803–807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2003.11.020

Christie, J. (2022, December 6). The ultimate guide to thyroid hormones. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-complete-guide-to-thyroid-hormones-a-functional-medicine-approach 

Cleveland Clinic. (2021, November 9). Lipid Panel: What It Is, Purpose, Preparation & Results. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/17176-lipid-panel

Cloyd, J. High Cholesterol: Causes, Implications, and Effective Management Strategies. (2024, June 28). Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/high-cholesterol-causes-implication 

Cloyd, J. (2023, November 13). The Anti-Inflammatory Lifestyle: From Diet to Mindfulness. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/the-anti-inflammatory-lifestyle-from-diet-to-mindfulness

Cloyd, K. Role of Omega-3 Index Testing in Inflammation & Cardiovascular Health. (2023, December 14). Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/role-of-omega-3-index-testing-in-inflammation-cardiovascular-health 

DeCesaris, L. (2024, March 18). Interpreting Genetic Testing for Methylation Issues: A Guide for Healthcare Practitioners. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/interpreting-genetic-testing-for-methylation-issues-a-guide-for-healthcare-practitioners

Devaraj S, Semaan JR, Jialal I. Biochemistry, Apolipoprotein B. [Updated 2023 May 14]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538139/

Di Castelnuovo, A., Veronesi, G., Costanzo, S., Zeller, T., Schnabel, R. B., de Curtis, A., Salomaa, V., Borchini, R., Ferrario, M., Giampaoli, S., Kee, F., Söderberg, S., Niiranen, T., Kuulasmaa, K., de Gaetano, G., Donati, M. B., Blankenberg, S., Iacoviello, L., & BiomarCaRE Investigators (2019). NT-proBNP (N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide) and the Risk of Stroke. Stroke, 50(3), 610–617. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.023218

DiNicolantonio, J. J., Liu, J., & O'Keefe, J. H. (2018). Magnesium for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Open heart, 5(2), e000775. https://doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2018-000775

Farmakis, D., Mueller, C., & Apple, F. S. (2020). High-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays for cardiovascular risk stratification in the general population. European Heart Journal, 41(41). https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa083

Farmakis, D., Richter, D., Chronopoulou, G., Goumas, G., Kountouras, D., Mastorakou, A., Papingiotis, G., Hahalis, G., & Tsioufis, K. (2023). High-sensitivity cardiac troponin I for cardiovascular risk stratification in apparently healthy individuals. Hellenic Journal of Cardiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hjc.2023.09.011

Farzam K, Zubair M, Senthilkumaran S. Lipoprotein A. [Updated 2024 Feb 27]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK570621/

Fretts, A. M., Hazen, S. L., Jensen, P. N., Budoff, M. J., Sitlani, C. M., Wang, M., Marcia, DiDonato, J. A., Lee, Y., Psaty, B. M., Siscovick, D. S., Sotoodehnia, N., W.H. Wilson Tang, Lai, H., Lemaitre, R. N., & Dariush Mozaffarian. (2022). Association of Trimethylamine N-Oxide and Metabolites With Mortality in Older Adults. JAMA Network Open, 5(5), e2213242–e2213242. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.13242

Ganguly, P., & Alam, S. F. (2015). Role of homocysteine in the development of cardiovascular disease. Nutrition journal, 14, 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-14-6

Georgila, K., Vyrla, D., & Drakos, E. (2019). Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), Immunity, Inflammation and Cancer. Cancers, 11(8), 1097. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11081097

Gerow, S. (2024, July 2). Understanding the Role of Omega-3s in Fighting Inflammation. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/the-role-of-omega-3s-in-fighting-inflammation 

Grundy, S. M., Benjamin, I. J., Burke, G. L., Chait, A., Eckel, R. H., Howard, B. V., Mitch, W., Smith, S. C., & Sowers, J. R. (1999). Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation, 100(10), 1134–1146. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.100.10.1134

Gulhar R, Ashraf MA, Jialal I. Physiology, Acute Phase Reactants. [Updated 2023 Apr 24]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519570/

Harris, W. S. (2008). The omega-3 index as a risk factor for coronary heart disease. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 87(6), 1997S2002S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/87.6.1997s

Harris, W. S. (2009). The omega-3 index: From biomarker to risk marker to risk factor. Current Atherosclerosis Reports, 11(6), 411–417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-009-0062-2

Holvoet, P., De Keyzer, D., & Jacobs, D. R., Jr (2008). Oxidized LDL and the metabolic syndrome. Future lipidology, 3(6), 637–649. https://doi.org/10.2217/17460875.3.6.637

Khakham, C. (2023, April 6). Understanding Your Risk of Cardiovascular Disease With Functional Medicine Labs. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/understanding-your-risk-of-cardiovascular-disease-with-functional-medicine-labs 

Krauss R. M. (2022). Small dense low-density lipoprotein particles: clinically relevant?. Current opinion in lipidology, 33(3), 160–166. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOL.0000000000000824

Maholy, N. (2023, May 23). A Functional Medicine Treatment Protocol for Metabolic Syndrome: Testing, Nutrition, and Supplements. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-treatment-protocol-for-metabolic-syndrome-testing-nutrition-and-supplements 

Malani, S. (2023, February 22). Inflammatory Markers 101: How To Interpret. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/inflammatory-markers-101-what-do-they-mean

Matthews, R. (2022, October 10). MTHFR Gene Variants: Diagnosis & Treatment. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/mthfr-gene-variants-diagnosis-treatment 

MedlinePlus. (2022, September 6). Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) Test: MedlinePlus Lab Test Information. Medlineplus.gov. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/hemoglobin-a1c-hba1c-test/

MedlinePlus. (2019). Natriuretic Peptide Tests (BNP, NT-proBNP). Medlineplus.gov. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/natriuretic-peptide-tests-bnp-nt-probnp/

MTHFR Mutation Test: MedlinePlus Lab Test Information. (2018). Medlineplus.gov. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/mthfr-mutation-test/

Potter, J. M., Hickman, P. E., & Cullen, L. (2022). Troponins in myocardial infarction and injury. Australian prescriber, 45(2), 53–57. https://doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2022.006

Poznyak, A. V., Litvinova, L., Poggio, P., Sukhorukov, V. N., & Orekhov, A. N. (2022). Effect of Glucose Levels on Cardiovascular Risk. Cells, 11(19), 3034. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11193034

Shahid MA, Ashraf MA, Sharma S. Physiology, Thyroid Hormone. [Updated 2023 Jun 5]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500006/

Sweetnich, J. (2023, April 25). Complementary and Integrative Medicine Approaches to Type 2 Diabetes Management. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/complementary-and-integrative-medicine-approaches-to-type-2-diabetes-management 

van Ballegooijen, A. J., Pilz, S., Tomaschitz, A., Grübler, M. R., & Verheyen, N. (2017). The Synergistic Interplay between Vitamins D and K for Bone and Cardiovascular Health: A Narrative Review. International journal of endocrinology, 2017, 7454376. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7454376

Wald, D. S., Law, M., & Morris, J. K. (2002). Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease: evidence on causality from a meta-analysis. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 325(7374), 1202. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1202

Weber, M., & Hamm, C. (2006). Role of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and NT-proBNP in clinical routine. Heart (British Cardiac Society), 92(6), 843–849. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2005.071233

Xun, P., Wu, Y., He, Q., & He, K. (2013). Fasting insulin concentrations and incidence of hypertension, stroke, and coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 98(6), 1543–1554. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.065565

Yoshimura, H. (2023, October 10). A Root Cause Medicine Approach to Chronic Inflammation. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-root-cause-medicine-approach-to-chronic-inflammation 

Zheng, Y., & He, J. Q. (2022). Pathogenic Mechanisms of Trimethylamine N-Oxide-induced Atherosclerosis and Cardiomyopathy. Current vascular pharmacology, 20(1), 29–36. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570161119666210812152802

Order from 30+ labs in 20 seconds (DUTCH, Mosaic, Genova & More!)
We make ordering quick and painless — and best of all, it's free for practitioners.

Latest Articles

View more on Cardiology
Subscribe to the Magazine for free
Subscribe for free to keep reading! If you are already subscribed, enter your email address to log back in.
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Are you a healthcare practitioner?
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Subscribe to the Magazine for free to keep reading!
Subscribe for free to keep reading, If you are already subscribed, enter your email address to log back in.
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Are you a healthcare practitioner?
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Trusted Source
Rupa Health
Medical Education Platform
Visit Source
Visit Source
American Cancer Society
Foundation for Cancer Research
Visit Source
Visit Source
National Library of Medicine
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
Journal of The American College of Radiology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
National Cancer Institute
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
World Health Organization (WHO)
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of Pediatrics
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
CDC
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
Office of Dietary Supplements
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
National Heart Lung and Blood Institute
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
National Institutes of Health
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
Clinical Infectious Diseases
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Brain
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of Rheumatology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Journal of the National Cancer Institute (JNCI)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Hepatology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Kidney International
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Annals of Surgery
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Chest
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Blood
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Gastroenterology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The American Journal of Psychiatry
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Diabetes Care
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of Clinical Oncology (JCO)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Journal of Clinical Investigation (JCI)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Circulation
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
JAMA Internal Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
PLOS Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Annals of Internal Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Nature Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The BMJ (British Medical Journal)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Lancet
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Pubmed
Comprehensive biomedical database
Visit Source
Visit Source
Harvard
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
Visit Source
Cleveland Clinic
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
Visit Source
Mayo Clinic
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
Visit Source
The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Johns Hopkins
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
Visit Source

Hey Practitioners! Ready to become a world class gut health expert? Join Jeannie Gorman, MS, CCN, for a Free Live Class that dives into how popular diets impact the gut microbiome, the clinical dietary needs of your gut, biomarkers to test to analyze gut health, and gain a clear understanding of the Doctor’s Data GI360™ profile. Register here.