Thyroid
|
October 11, 2024

Who is at Risk for Hyperthyroidism? Key Demographics and Risk Factors

Medically Reviewed by
Updated On
October 25, 2024

Hyperthyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland shifts into overdrive, producing excess thyroid hormone. Though it affects only about 1% of Americans, its consequences can be profound, especially when left undiagnosed or untreated. Symptoms like unexplained weight loss, anxiety, and heart palpitations may appear subtle at first but can significantly reduce one's quality of life over time.

What's even more concerning is that an estimated 60% of individuals with thyroid disorders, including hyperthyroidism, are unaware of their condition. By being aware of the risk factors for hyperthyroidism, individuals can be more alert to the early signs of disease and seek medical attention before the condition worsens. 

[signup]

Understanding Hyperthyroidism

The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck. Don't let its size fool you – this small gland plays a big role in regulating metabolism and affects virtually every organ system. 

The thyroid produces two main hormones: 

  • Thyroxine (T4): About 90% of the hormone the thyroid releases is T4, which has little biological activity. Once released into the bloodstream, T4 is converted into T3.
  • Triiodothyronine (T3): The remaining 10% of thyroid hormone is released as T3. Despite being produced in smaller amounts, T3 is the biologically active form of thyroid hormone and has the greatest effect on speeding up metabolism.

In hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), the thyroid gland produces too much T3 and T4. This hormonal excess speeds up the body's metabolic processes, leading to a range of symptoms that can vary in severity. 

Common symptoms include:

Left untreated, hyperthyroidism can lead to serious complications, including: 

Key Demographics at Risk for Hyperthyroidism

Now that we have a clear understanding of what hyperthyroidism is and how it affects the body, let's explore the key demographics at higher risk for developing the condition.

Gender: Women Are More at Risk

People assigned female at birth (AFAB) are more likely to develop hyperthyroidism than males, especially after pregnancy or menopause (58).

Experts say one in eight people AFAB will be affected by thyroid illness at some point during their life, and the risk of hyperthyroidism is ten times more than that of people assigned male at birth (AMAB).

This female predominance is attributed to sex differences in immune function and hormone levels (44).

Age: Middle-Aged and Older Adults

Hyperthyroidism affects up to 2.3% of older adults, and about 15% of cases of thyrotoxicosis (an excess of thyroid hormone in circulation) occur in individuals aged 60 or older (22). 

Subclinical hyperthyroidism, a milder form where thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels are low but T3 and T4 remain normal, becomes more common with age, affecting up to 10% of the elderly population (22).

Graves' disease, the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, is most frequently diagnosed in people aged 30 to 50 (42). Toxic multinodular goiter (TMNG) and toxic adenoma are the other two most common causes of hyperthyroidism, with incidence rates peaking during the sixth and seventh decades of life (35, 36). 

Family History and Genetics

Data from family and twin studies strongly suggest that genetics play a significant role in developing thyroid disease. Up to 50% of people with thyroid disease have another family member with a thyroid disorder. 

Studies show that genetic influences account for 79% of the risk or predisposition for developing Graves' disease. Variations in genes, such as HLA-DR, can increase an individual's susceptibility to thyroid autoimmunity.

Medical Conditions and Risk Factors

Coexisting medical conditions and other risk factors further contribute to the likelihood of developing hyperthyroidism.

Autoimmune Disorders

The coexistence of multiple autoimmune diseases is observed in approximately 25% of patients with autoimmune conditions. The increased risk is likely due to shared genetic susceptibility factors that predispose to autoimmunity in general. Certain HLA alleles, as well as polymorphisms in genes like CTLA-4 and PTPN22, are associated with a higher risk of developing multiple autoimmune conditions. (4, 26) 

People are at a higher risk of developing autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) with a personal or family history of other autoimmune diseases, including:

Personal History of Thyroid Issues

Thyroid nodules are discrete lumps within the thyroid gland and are extremely common. On autopsy, they are identified in up to 50% of people without previously diagnosed thyroid disease. (76)

While approximately 90% of detected thyroid nodules are clinically insignificant, some can contribute to hyperthyroidism (76). A "toxic" nodule is typically classified as either a toxic adenoma or part of a TMNG. In these cases, the nodule or nodules begin to autonomously produce thyroid hormones independent of the body's normal regulatory mechanisms. (45)

Individuals with hypothyroidism (underactive) who are prescribed thyroid hormone replacement therapy, such as levothyroxine, must be cautious, as inappropriate dosing can lead to hyperthyroidism. Healthcare providers should regularly monitor thyroid hormone levels in this population and adjust dosages as needed to avoid potential complications associated with over-replacement.

Pregnancy and Postpartum Period

Postpartum thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid gland after pregnancy and can cause thyroid dysfunction. It affects about 8% of women within the first year after delivery (47).  

The disease generally follows a three-phase course, spontaneously resolving by 18 months postpartum (47, 52):  

  • Hyperthyroid Phase: inflammation of the thyroid causes the release of excess stored thyroid hormones
  • Hypothyroid Phase: the thyroid gland underproduces thyroid hormones
  • Euthyroid Phase: return to normal thyroid function

Environmental and Lifestyle Risk Factors

Environmental and lifestyle factors also influence the risk of hyperthyroidism, especially in genetically susceptible individuals. 

Excessive Iodine Intake

Iodine is essential for the production of thyroid hormones T3 and T4. Without adequate iodine, the thyroid cannot function properly.

Iodine deficiency is a major cause of hypothyroidism worldwide. Thyroid nodules are also more likely to occur in regions where iodine deficiency is prevalent (76).  

However, in iodine-sufficient areas, iodine excess is more likely to occur. Consuming too much iodine from sources like iodized salt, seaweed, certain medications (e.g., amiodarone), or supplements can affect the thyroid's ability to regulate hormone production, leading to Jod-Basedow phenomenon (iodine-induced hyperthyroidism). Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism is more likely to develop in those with preexisting thyroid conditions like Graves' disease or nodular goiter. (56) 

Smoking

Smoking is a well-established environmental risk factor for Graves' disease. Research suggests that the more a person smokes – especially if they are a heavy smoker (smoking 25 or more cigarettes daily) – the greater their risk of developing Graves' disease.

In addition to increasing the risk of developing Graves' disease, smoking can also worsen its symptoms and complicate treatment. For instance, smokers may experience more severe eye-related complications, known as Graves' ophthalmopathy, which can lead to inflammation and damage to the tissues around the eyes.

Stress and Mental Health

Chronic stress significantly impacts thyroid health through the interplay of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPT) axes (75).

When an individual experiences chronic stress, the body continuously releases cortisol. Prolonged elevations in cortisol can interfere with HPT signaling to the thyroid, exacerbate inflammation, and trigger autoimmune processes. Retrospective studies show that 80% of individuals report emotional stress before the onset of an autoimmune disease. 

Even if patients don't specifically identify stress as the cause of hyperthyroidism, it can certainly worsen its symptoms, like difficulty sleeping, anxiety, and a racing heart.

Special Populations at Higher Risk

In this section, we focus on more nuanced populations that may be at an increased risk for developing hyperthyroidism.

People with a History of Radiation Exposure

Radiation, especially to the neck or chest area, is a well-established risk factor for thyroid autoimmunity and dysfunction. External or internal high-rose irradiation has been reported to induce Graves' disease in up to 5% of patients. 

In a study of Hodgkin's lymphoma patients treated with radiation, 5% developed hyperthyroidism, with a mean time of eight years between diagnosis and hyperthyroidism onset. Risk factors included radiation dose greater than 35 Gy to the thyroid and less than three years since diagnosis.

Postmenopausal Women

The risk of developing thyroid disease tends to increase after menopause. This is largely due to hormonal changes during this transitional phase of a woman's life that can influence thyroid function, potentially exacerbating existing thyroid conditions or contributing to the development of new ones.

The symptoms of hyperthyroidism can closely resemble those commonly experienced during menopause, such as mood swings, hot flashes, and sleep disturbances (53). This overlap can make it challenging for women to recognize hyperthyroid symptoms as distinct from menopause-related changes, leading to a tendency to dismiss these symptoms as merely part of the normal aging process and delaying diagnosis.

When to Get Tested for Hyperthyroidism

The American Thyroid Association (ATA) recommends measuring thyroid function in all adults beginning at age 35 years and every five years thereafter. More frequent screening should be considered for high-risk individuals. 

Patients experiencing symptoms of hyperthyroidism should talk to their doctors about ordering thyroid function tests to rule out hyperthyroidism. 

While TSH is the preferred screening test for thyroid dysfunction, it can miss about 7% of cases of thyroid dysfunction. To increase testing accuracy, the ATA recommends ordering TSH with free T4 and total T3 (57). 

Preventive Measures and Risk Management

By implementing these preventive measures, individuals can better manage their risk of developing hyperthyroidism and maintain overall thyroid health. Regular communication with your healthcare providers will help tailor these strategies to your individual health needs.

Regular Check-Ups

Individuals, especially those with a family or personal history of thyroid disease or other autoimmune conditions, should schedule regular medical check-ups with their doctor to monitor thyroid function. Early diagnosis can significantly improve treatment outcomes and prevent complications associated with untreated hyperthyroidism.

Managing Iodine Intake

Both iodine deficiency and excess can cause thyroid dysfunction, so monitoring your intake may be an important aspect of proactively supporting thyroid health.

  • Always talk to your doctor before starting any iodine-containing medication or supplement. 
  • Patients with underlying thyroid conditions should consult their healthcare provider about the risks associated with iodinated contrast dyes used in certain imaging procedures. Studies indicate that exposure to iodinated contrast media is associated with a nearly two-fold increased risk of developing hyperthyroidism in patients without prior thyroid disease, and this risk is even more pronounced in those with existing thyroid conditions. (25, 55) 
  • Eat iodine-rich foods, including iodized salt, dairy, seafood, and seaweed, in moderation.

Healthy Lifestyle Choices

Adopting a healthy lifestyle to support thyroid health:

  • Eat a balanced diet
  • Exercise regularly to support metabolic health, immune function, and stress levels.
  • Manage stress with techniques like mindfulness meditation, yoga, and deep breathing.
  • Seek support to quit smoking

[signup]

Key Takeaways

  • Hyperthyroidism is influenced by various demographics and risk factors that warrant attention. Key demographics and risk factors include age, gender, underlying medical conditions, and lifestyle factors.
  • People who fall into high-risk categories – such as older adults, women, or individuals with a history of autoimmune conditions – should be proactive about routine thyroid screenings to safeguard thyroid health. 
  • Regular screenings and recognizing new symptoms can facilitate early detection and treatment of hyperthyroidism. 
The information in this article is designed for educational purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for informed medical advice or care. This information should not be used to diagnose or treat any health problems or illnesses without consulting a doctor. Consult with a health care practitioner before relying on any information in this article or on this website.

Learn more

No items found.

Lab Tests in This Article

No lab tests!

References

  1. Blick, C., Nguyen, M., & Jialal, I. (2020). Thyrotoxicosis. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482216/
  2. Brix, T. H., Kyvik, K. O., Christensen, K., et al. (2001). Evidence for a Major Role of Heredity in Graves' Disease: A Population-Based Study of Two Danish Twin Cohorts1. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 86(2), 930–934. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.2.7242
  3. Bryant, A. (2024, May 23). Thyroid Disorders: Types, Causes, and Treatments. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/thyroid-disorders-types-causes-treatments
  4. Castiblanco, J., Arcos-Burgos, M., & Juan-Manuel Anaya. (2013, July 18). Introduction to Genetics of Autoimmune Diseases. National Library of Medicine; El Rosario University Press. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459433/
  5. Christie, J. (2022, March 25). The Most Common Causes Of Infertility In Men and Women. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-approach-to-infertility
  6. Christie, J. (2022, December 6). The Ultimate Guide to Thyroid Hormones. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-complete-guide-to-thyroid-hormones-a-functional-medicine-approach
  7. Cloyd, J. (2022, December 8). Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Treatments for IBD Flares and Remission. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/inflammatory-bowel-disease-ibd-treatments-for-flares-and-remission
  8. Cloyd, J. (2023, March 7). An integrative medicine approach to fatigue. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/an-integrative-medicine-approach-to-fatigue
  9. Cloyd, J. (2023, June 13). A Functional Medicine Menopause Protocol: Comprehensive Testing, Nutrition, and Supplements. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-menopause-protocol-comprehensive-testing-nutrition-and-supplements
  10. Cloyd, J. (2023, July 4). The Impact of Stress on Thyroid Health and How to Manage It with Integrative Medicine. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/the-impact-of-stress-on-thyroid-health-and-how-to-manage-it-with-integrative-medicine
  11. Cloyd, J. (2023, July 28). A functional medicine diarrhea protocol: Comprehensive lab testing, therapeutic diet, and supplements. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-diarrhea-protocol-comprehensive-lab-testing-therapeutic-diet-and-supplements
  12. Cloyd, J. (2023, September 28). A Root Cause Medicine Protocol For Multiple Sclerosis. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-holistic-functional-medicine-protocol-for-multiple-sclerosis
  13. Cloyd, J. (2023, October 2). A Functional Medicine Approach to Stress Management. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-approach-to-stress-management
  14. Cloyd, J. (2023, October 9). Rhythms of the Heart: Demystifying Common Types of Heart Arrhythmia. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/rhythms-of-the-heart-demystifying-common-types-of-heart-arrhythmia
  15. Cojocaru, M., Cojocaru, I. M., & Silosi, I. (2010). Multiple autoimmune syndrome. Maedica, 5(2), 132–134. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3150011/
  16. Cox, A. D. (2022, September 8). Type 1 Diabetes: Conventional And Functional Medicine Treatments. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-root-cause-approach-to-managing-type-1-diabetes
  17. Creedon, K. (2022, March 18). 8 Ways To Prevent Osteoporosis As You Age. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-approach-to-osteoporosis
  18. Creedon, K. (2022, May 26). How To Naturally Relieve Rheumatoid Arthritis Pain. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/natural-treatments-for-rheumatoid-arthritis-pain
  19. Creedon, K. (2022, August 4). 6 speciality labs that get to the root cause of insomnia. Www.rupahealth.com. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/6-speciality-labs-that-get-to-the-root-cause-of-insomnia
  20. Daglis, S. (2024, August 7). Tachycardia: Don't Let Your Heart Run Away with You. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/tachycardia-dont-let-your-heart-run-away-with-you
  21. DeCesaris, L. (2022, August 8). Worried About Your Thyroid Health? Ask Your Doctor For These 3 Thyroid Labs. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/treating-the-thyroid-naturally
  22. Dedon, J. (2022). Thyroid Disease in Aging. Missouri Medicine, 119(4), 351–353. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9462896/
  23. DePorto, T. (2022, December 9). Functional Medicine Lab Tests for Heart Disease. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/worried-about-heart-disease-ask-your-provider-for-these-6-specialty-labs-at-your-next-appointment
  24. DePorto, T. (2023, January 10). What Happens to Our Bodies When We Quit Smoking: A Timeline. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/what-happens-to-our-bodies-when-we-quit-smoking-a-timeline
  25. Dunne, P., Kaimal, N., MacDonald, J., et al. (2012). Iodinated contrast-induced thyrotoxicosis. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 185(2), 144–147. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.120734
  26. Franco, J.-S., Amaya-Amaya, J., & Anaya, J.-M. (2013). Thyroid disease and autoimmune diseases. El Rosario University Press. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459466/
  27. General Information/Press Room. (2016). American Thyroid Association. https://www.thyroid.org/media-main/press-room/
  28. Mintziori, G., Veneti, S., Poppe, K., et al. (2024). EMAS position statement: Thyroid disease and menopause. Maturitas, 185, 107991–107991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2024.107991
  29. Giec Perry, M. (2024, March 7). The Stress-Thyroid Link: Understanding the Role of Cortisol in Thyroid Function within Functional Medicine. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/the-stress-thyroid-link-understanding-the-role-of-cortisol-in-thyroid-function-within-functional-medicine
  30. Gietka-Czernel, M. (2017). The thyroid gland in postmenopausal women: physiology and diseases. Menopausal Review, 16(2), 33–37. https://doi.org/10.5114/pm.2017.68588
  31. Holm, I. A., Manson, J. E., Michels, K. B., et al. (2005). Smoking and other lifestyle factors and the risk of Graves' hyperthyroidism. Archives of Internal Medicine, 165(14), 1606–1611. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.165.14.1606
  32. Hyperthyroidism. (2021). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14129-hyperthyroidism
  33. Jacobson, E. M., Huber, A., & Tomer, Y. (2008). The HLA gene complex in thyroid autoimmunity: From epidemiology to etiology. Journal of Autoimmunity, 30(1-2), 58–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2007.11.010
  34. Jara, L. J., Medina, G., Voorduin, S., et al. (2013). The endocrine system and autoimmunity. In www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. El Rosario University Press. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459473/
  35. Khalid, N., & Can, A. S. (2020). Plummer Disease. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565856/
  36. Kravets, I. (2016). Hyperthyroidism: Diagnosis and Treatment. American Family Physician, 93(5), 363–370. https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0301/p363.html
  37. Kresge, K. (2023, March 21). An Integrative Medicine Team Approach to Treating Anxiety. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/an-integrative-medicine-team-approach-to-treating-anxiety
  38. Ladenson, P., Singer, P., Ain, K., et al. (2000, July). American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Detection of Thyroid Dysfunction. ResearchGate; American Medical Association (AMA). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12471641_American_Thyroid_Association_Guidelines_for_Detection_of_Thyroid_Dysfunction
  39. Lazzell, K. (2023, August 24). Paula's Successful Journey in Reducing Her Thyroid Nodule Naturally: A Case Study. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/paulas-successful-journey-in-reducing-her-thyroid-nodule-naturally-a-case-study
  40. Maholy, N. (2023, June 8). The Impact of Stress on Autoimmune Diseases: Exploring the Potential of Stress-Reduction Techniques. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/the-impact-of-stress-on-autoimmune-diseases-and-the-potential-benefits-of-stress-reduction-techniques
  41. Manji, N., Carr-Smith, J. D., Boelaert, K., et al. (2006). Influences of Age, Gender, Smoking, and Family History on Autoimmune Thyroid Disease Phenotype. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 91(12), 4873–4880. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-1402
  42. Mathew, P., Kaur, J., & Rawla, P. (2023, March 19). Hyperthyroidism. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537053/
  43. Mayo Clinic Staff. (2023, February 16). Mayo Clinic Q and A: Women and thyroid disease. Mayo Clinic. https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mayo-clinic-q-and-a-women-and-thyroid-disease/
  44. Mulder, J. E. (1998). THYROID DISEASE IN WOMEN. Medical Clinics of North America, 82(1), 103–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0025-7125(05)70596-4
  45. Mulita, F., & Anjum, F. (2020). Thyroid Adenoma. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562252/
  46. Nagayama, Y. (2018). Radiation-related thyroid autoimmunity and dysfunction. Journal of Radiation Research, 59(Suppl 2), ii98–ii107. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rrx054
  47. Naji Rad, S., & Deluxe, L. (2021). Postpartum Thyroiditis. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557646/
  48. Neibling, K. (2023, February 7). What You Need to Know About The Thyroid Iodine Connection. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-thyroid-iodine-connection
  49. Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism). (2019). NHS. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/overactive-thyroid-hyperthyroidism/complications/
  50. Papaleontiou, M., & Haymart, M. R. (2012). Approach to and Treatment of Thyroid Disorders in the Elderly. The Medical Clinics of North America, 96(2), 297–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2012.01.013
  51. Patil, N., Rehman, A., Anastasopoulou, C., et al. (2023). Hypothyroidism. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519536/
  52. Preston, J. (2022, December 12). Postpartum Thyroiditis: Symptoms, Lab Tests, & Treatment. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/5-of-women-experience-postpartum-thyroiditis-here-are-the-main-signs-to-look-out-for
  53. Preston, J. (2023, March 15). An Integrative Medicine Approach to Managing Menopause Symptoms. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/an-integrative-medicine-approach-to-managing-menopause-symptoms
  54. Prummel, M. F., & Wiersinga, W. M. (1993). Smoking and risk of Graves' disease. JAMA, 269(4), 479–482. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8419666/
  55. Rhee, C. M. (2012). Association Between Iodinated Contrast Media Exposure and Incident Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism. Archives of Internal Medicine, 172(2), 153. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2011.677
  56. Rose, H. R., & Zulfiqar, H. (2021). Jod Basedow Syndrome. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544277/
  57. Ross, D. S., Burch, H. B., Cooper, D. S., et al. (2016). 2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid, 26(10), 1343–1421. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2016.0229
  58. Skarulis, M., & Stack Jr., B. C. (2019, April). Thyroid Disease. Office on Women's Health. https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/thyroid-disease
  59. Sklar, C., Whitton, J., Mertens, A., et al. (2000). Abnormalities of the Thyroid in Survivors of Hodgkin’s Disease: Data from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study1. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 85(9), 3227–3232. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.85.9.6808
  60. Stress. (2024, May 15). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11874-stress
  61. Sweetnich, J. (2023, March 17). Iodine 101: Testing, Top Foods, and Supplements. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/iodine-101-testing-and-supplementing
  62. Sweetnich, J. (2023, April 5). Top 5 Labs for Patients Experiencing Hair Loss. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/top-5-labs-for-patients-experiencing-hair-loss
  63. Thyroid Eye Disease. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17558-thyroid-eye-disease
  64. Thyroid Storm. (2022, June 8). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23203-thyroid-storm
  65. Vita, R., Caputo, A., Quattropani, M. C., et al. (2020). Quality of life in patients with hyperthyroidism: Where do we stand? Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.6092/2282-1619/mjcp-2521
  66. Weinberg, J. L. (2022, February 28). An Integrative Medicine Approach to Celiac Disease. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-approach-to-celiac-disease
  67. Weinberg, J. L. (2022, September 7). An Integrative Medicine Approach to Hypothyroidism. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/understanding-hypothyroidism-and-how-to-treat-it-naturally
  68. Weinberg, J. L. (2023, January 24). Functional Medicine Treatment for Graves' Disease. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/functional-medicine-treatment-for-graves-disease
  69. Weinberg, J. L. (2023, February 7). A Functional Medicine Protocol for Hyperthyroidism. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/5-functional-medicine-labs-that-can-assist-a-root-cause-treatment-for-hyperthyroidism
  70. Weinberg, J. L. (2024, March 14). The Impact of Stress on Inflammation: Coping Strategies for a Healthier Life. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/the-impact-of-stress-on-inflammation-coping-strategies-for-a-healthier-life
  71. Yoshimura, H. (2023, May 8). A Functional Medicine Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Protocol: Testing, Diagnosing, and Treatment. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-systemic-lupus-erythematosus-sle-protocol-testing-diagnosing-and-treatment
  72. Yoshimura, H. (2023, July 3). 5 Functional Medicine Lab Tests That Can Help Individualize Care for Addison's Disease Patients. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/integrative-medicine-approaches-to-addison-disease
  73. Yoshimura, H. (2023, August 7). Top Labs To Run Bi-Annually On Your Irregular Menstrual Cycle Patients. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/top-labs-to-run-bi-annually-on-your-irregular-menstrual-cycle-patients
  74. Yoshimura, H. (2023, November 7). The remarkable power of exercise on our health: A comprehensive overview. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/the-remarkable-power-of-exercise-on-our-health-a-comprehensive-overview
  75. Yoshimura, H. (2024, April 9). The Interplay Between Thyroid, Adrenal, and Sex Hormones in Functional Medicine. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/thyroid-adrenal-sex-hormones-functional-medicine
  76. Zamora, E. A., & Cassaro, S. (2019, March 13). Thyroid Nodule. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535422/
Jaime Cloyd
Author
Dr. Jaime Cloyd ND
Naturopathic Physician based in the greater Seattle area
Medically Reviewed by
Order from 30+ labs in 20 seconds (DUTCH, Mosaic, Genova & More!)
We make ordering quick and painless — and best of all, it's free for practitioners.
Sign up free
Browse the lab catalog

Latest Articles

View more on Thyroid
Are Ear Infections Contagious? A Guide for FamiliesAre Ear Infections Contagious? A Guide for Families
Are Ear Infections Contagious? A Guide for Families
,
November 29, 2024
Ayesha Bryant
Ayesha Bryant, MSPH, MD
November 29, 2024
Polymyxin B Sulfate: A Comprehensive GuidePolymyxin B Sulfate: A Comprehensive Guide
Polymyxin B Sulfate: A Comprehensive Guide
Dr. Ayesha Bryant, MSPH, MD
November 29, 2024
Dr. ,
November 29, 2024
5 Lab Tests For Patients With A Family History of Parkinson's Disease5 Lab Tests For Patients With A Family History of Parkinson's Disease
5 Lab Tests For Patients With A Family History of Parkinson's Disease
Dr. Ayesha Bryant, MSPH, MD
November 29, 2024
Dr. ,
November 29, 2024
Lab Tests For Patients With A Family History of Alzheimer's DiseaseLab Tests For Patients With A Family History of Alzheimer's Disease
Lab Tests For Patients With A Family History of Alzheimer's Disease
Dr. Ayesha Bryant, MSPH, MD
November 29, 2024
Dr. ,
November 29, 2024
See all Articles
Subscribe to the Magazine for free
Subscribe for free to keep reading! If you are already subscribed, enter your email address to log back in.
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Are you a healthcare practitioner?
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Subscribe to the Magazine for free to keep reading!
Subscribe for free to keep reading, If you are already subscribed, enter your email address to log back in.
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Are you a healthcare practitioner?
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Trusted Source
Rupa Health
Medical Education Platform
Visit Source
Visit Source
American Cancer Society
Foundation for Cancer Research
Visit Source
Visit Source
National Library of Medicine
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
Journal of The American College of Radiology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
National Cancer Institute
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
World Health Organization (WHO)
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of Pediatrics
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
CDC
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
Office of Dietary Supplements
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
National Heart Lung and Blood Institute
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
National Institutes of Health
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
Clinical Infectious Diseases
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Brain
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of Rheumatology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Journal of the National Cancer Institute (JNCI)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Hepatology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Kidney International
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Annals of Surgery
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Chest
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Blood
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Gastroenterology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The American Journal of Psychiatry
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Diabetes Care
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of Clinical Oncology (JCO)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Journal of Clinical Investigation (JCI)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Circulation
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
JAMA Internal Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
PLOS Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Annals of Internal Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Nature Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The BMJ (British Medical Journal)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Lancet
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Pubmed
Comprehensive biomedical database
Visit Source
Visit Source
Harvard
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
Visit Source
Cleveland Clinic
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
Visit Source
Mayo Clinic
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
Visit Source
The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Johns Hopkins
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
Visit Source

Hey Practitioners! On December 11th, join Dr. Terry Wahls in a free live class where she'll share her groundbreaking methods for managing MS and autoimmune patients. This live session will address your most pressing questions and will take a closer look at treatment options beyond the conventional standards of care. Register here.

Register Here