GI Health
|
August 26, 2024

What is Fecal Steatocrit? A Complete Overview for Clinicians and Patients

Medically Reviewed by
Updated On
September 17, 2024

‍Malabsorption syndrome is a digestive disorder that prevents the efficient absorption of nutrients from the foods you eat. It is a prevalent health concern, affecting 10-25% of people, and is a poor prognostic factor for health and longevity (18).

Fat malabsorption, the inability to absorb fats from the small intestine, is one of the most common types of malabsorption. Fat malabsorption disorders can cause unpleasant changes to bowel habits and are often associated with deficiencies of fat-soluble vitamins (2). Therefore, diagnosing these conditions and monitoring their treatment is important for improving patient outcomes. The fecal steatocrit test is a valuable diagnostic tool in this context.

[signup]

Understanding Fecal Steatocrit

Normally, when you eat foods containing fat, your body breaks it down in a few steps to absorb it properly. First, your stomach starts the digestion process, but most of the work happens in the small intestine. Here, bile from the liver mixes with the fat, breaking it down into smaller droplets. Then, enzymes from the pancreas further break down these droplets into tiny molecules called fatty acids and glycerol. These molecules are absorbed through the small intestine's lining and enter the bloodstream. (20)Β 

Fat malabsorption occurs when the digestive system fails to digest and absorb fats properly. Fats that aren't absorbed in the small intestine travel through the gastrointestinal tract and are eliminated in stool (poop). Fat malabsorption causes steatorrhea, the presence of excess fat in the stool, which leads to oily, bulky, and foul-smelling bowel movements.

The 72-hour fecal fat excretion test is the gold standard for diagnosing steatorrhea. However, the test requires a three-day stool collection by the patient and accurate results depend upon the patient correctly adhering to a high-fat diet beforehand.Β 

The fecal steatocrit test is an alternative to the 72-hour stool collection that measures the proportion of fat in a single stool sample to evaluate the extent of fat malabsorption.Β 

Acid steatocrit is a variation of the fecal steatocrit test that involves treating the stool sample with acid, which helps break down fat more completely. This treatment makes the test more accurate than the standard fecal steatocrit test. Compared to the 72-hour stool test, the acid steatocrit test correctly identifies all cases of steatorrhea 100% of the time, correctly rules out those without it 95% of the time, and has a 90% chance of being correct when performed on a random stool sample (1).Β 

Clinical Applications of Fecal Steatocrit

The fecal steatocrit test is often one of the first tests a doctor will order when they suspect fat malabsorption syndromes to confirm the diagnosis and quantify the severity (2).Β 

Steatorrhea can be caused by many underlying health conditions, including (36):Β Β 

  • Decreased pH (i.e., increased acidity) in the duodenum destroys pancreatic acids. This is commonly caused by Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, which is a rare condition in which a tumor in the pancreas or duodenum causes the stomach to produce too much acid.
  • Small intestinal diseases can reduce the absorptive surface area of the small intestine. Examples include Crohn's disease, celiac disease, and surgical removal of a portion of the small intestine.
  • Impaired bile acid synthesis or transport into the small intestine negatively impacts fat digestion and absorption. Liver disease and cholestasis (decreased bile flow through the bile ducts) can result in a bile acid-deficient state.
  • The overgrowth of bacteria in the small intestine, as seen in small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), can break down bile acids, making them ineffective in fat digestion and absorption processes.
  • Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is the inability of the pancreas to synthesize its digestive enzymes in adequate amounts. This often results from chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, celiac disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
  • Abetalipoproteinemia is a rare genetic condition that results in impaired ability to package and transport fats in proteins called lipoproteins.

Beyond diagnosis, fecal steatocrit testing can help doctors monitor treatment for fat malabsorption disorders. The fecal steatocrit test can assess how well the therapy is working by measuring changes in stool fat content over time. This allows healthcare providers to adjust treatments accordingly.

Procedure: How Fecal Steatocrit is Measured

The fecal steatocrit test requires patients to collect a stool sample, following these general instructions:

  • Patients should be given a clean, dry collection container by their healthcare provider or lab.Β 
  • Avoid contaminating the sample by urinating before starting and taping the provided liner onto the toilet seat.Β 
  • Collect the sample by pooping onto the liner and using a disposable spatula to scoop a sample of the stool into the collection container.Β 
  • Tightly seal the container to prevent leakage. On the label provided, write your name, date, and time of collection.
  • Store the sample in a cool place until you can deliver it to the lab. The sample should be returned to the lab as soon as possible after collection.

Patients may be asked to consume a high-fat diet before the test. If this is the case, patients should consume 100 grams of fat daily for one to three days before collecting stool. This can be achieved by eating high-fat foods like butter, oils, full-fat dairy products, meat, and nuts.

To determine steatocrit results, the stool sample is processed by spinning it in a centrifuge, which separates the fat from the rest of the stool. The fat content is then reported as a percentage, calculated by comparing the volume of the fatty layer to the volume of the liquid-free part of the stool. This percentage shows how much fat is in the stool sample. (25)Β 

Understanding Fecal Steatocrit Results

Normal steatocrit level is less than 15% of the stool volume.Β 

High fecal steatocrit levels are suggestive of fat malabsorption, but it is not diagnostic for any one health condition that is responsible for causing steatorrhea. After receiving abnormal results, healthcare providers should conduct a thorough clinical evaluation to identify the underlying cause of fat malabsorption. Depending on the suspected condition, this may involve additional diagnostic tests, such as additional stool or blood testing, imaging studies, and endoscopy. (2)Β 

Results should also be interpreted in the context of the patient's health history, as high levels may be caused by excessive dietary fat intake or taking medications that affect fat absorption, such as bile acid sequestrants or orlistat.

Low steatocrit values, although less common, may be caused by low-fat diets (12).Β 

Management of Conditions Associated with High Fecal Steatocrit

Dietary adjustments are often the first step in managing the symptoms of fat malabsorption. Patients may be advised to follow a low-fat diet to reduce symptoms. However, long-term adherence to a low-fat diet is associated with malnutrition. Therefore, dietary fat restriction is no longer recommended as a mainstay treatment option in managing chronic conditions, such as EPI (2).Β 

Eating smaller, more frequent meals can provide symptomatic relief without risking malnutrition associated with fat restriction (36).Β Β 

The management of fat malabsorption disorders also requires addressing the underlying cause. Examples include:Β 

  • Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) is the primary treatment for EPI. PERT involves supplementing pancreatic enzymes (amylase, lipase, and protease) with meals to replace the digestive enzymes the pancreas is not making. These supplements improve fat digestion and absorption, thereby reducing steatorrhea and improving nutritional status. (36)Β 
  • Patients with celiac disease require a strict gluten-free diet to prevent irreversible damage to the small intestine, allow for intestinal healing, and improve nutrient absorption.Β 
  • SIBO treatment encompasses antimicrobial therapy (with antibiotics or herbs), dietary modifications, and prokinetic therapy to prevent recurrence.Β 

Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) rely on proper fat absorption to be effectively utilized by the body. When fat malabsorption occurs, it can result in deficiencies of these vitamins. Therefore, screening for, correcting, and preventing these deficiencies is also a standard part of managing fat malabsorption. This can be done through supplementation or by increasing the intake of foods rich in these vitamins:

[signup]

Key Takeaways

  • The fecal steatocrit test is a diagnostic tool for diagnosing and managing fat malabsorption disorders.Β 
  • Its ability to provide direct and reliable measurements of stool fat content makes it invaluable in clinical practice. Through accurate diagnosis and ongoing monitoring, healthcare providers can tailor treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes.Β 
  • As research continues, advancements in testing methodologies and patient education will likely enhance the utility of fecal steatocrit in managing fat malabsorption disorders.Β 
  • For healthcare professionals and patients alike, understanding the role of fecal steatocrit in clinical practice is essential for effectively managing these complex conditions.

‍Malabsorption syndrome is a digestive issue that can affect how well nutrients from food are absorbed by the body. It is a common concern, affecting 10-25% of people, and can impact overall health and well-being (18).

Fat malabsorption, which affects the absorption of fats in the small intestine, is one of the most common types of malabsorption. This condition can lead to changes in bowel habits and may be linked to deficiencies in fat-soluble vitamins (2). Diagnosing these conditions and monitoring their management is important for supporting patient health. The fecal steatocrit test is a useful tool in this context.

[signup]

Understanding Fecal Steatocrit

When you eat foods containing fat, your body breaks it down in several steps to absorb it properly. First, your stomach starts the digestion process, but most of the work happens in the small intestine. Here, bile from the liver mixes with the fat, breaking it down into smaller droplets. Then, enzymes from the pancreas further break down these droplets into tiny molecules called fatty acids and glycerol. These molecules are absorbed through the small intestine's lining and enter the bloodstream. (20)Β 

Fat malabsorption occurs when the digestive system does not digest and absorb fats properly. Fats that aren't absorbed in the small intestine travel through the gastrointestinal tract and are eliminated in stool (poop). Fat malabsorption can cause steatorrhea, which is the presence of excess fat in the stool, leading to oily, bulky, and foul-smelling bowel movements.

The 72-hour fecal fat excretion test is often used for diagnosing steatorrhea. However, the test requires a three-day stool collection by the patient, and accurate results depend on the patient correctly following a high-fat diet beforehand.Β 

The fecal steatocrit test is an alternative to the 72-hour stool collection that measures the proportion of fat in a single stool sample to evaluate the extent of fat malabsorption.Β 

Acid steatocrit is a variation of the fecal steatocrit test that involves treating the stool sample with acid, which helps break down fat more completely. This treatment can make the test more accurate than the standard fecal steatocrit test. Compared to the 72-hour stool test, the acid steatocrit test has been shown to correctly identify all cases of steatorrhea 100% of the time, correctly rule out those without it 95% of the time, and has a 90% chance of being correct when performed on a random stool sample (1).Β 

Clinical Applications of Fecal Steatocrit

The fecal steatocrit test is often one of the first tests a doctor may order when they suspect fat malabsorption syndromes to help confirm the diagnosis and assess the severity (2).Β 

Steatorrhea can be associated with many underlying health conditions, including (36):Β Β 

  • Decreased pH (i.e., increased acidity) in the duodenum can affect pancreatic acids. This is commonly caused by Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, a rare condition where a tumor in the pancreas or duodenum causes the stomach to produce too much acid.
  • Small intestinal diseases can reduce the absorptive surface area of the small intestine. Examples include Crohn's disease, celiac disease, and surgical removal of a portion of the small intestine.
  • Impaired bile acid synthesis or transport into the small intestine can impact fat digestion and absorption. Liver disease and cholestasis (decreased bile flow through the bile ducts) can result in a bile acid-deficient state.
  • The overgrowth of bacteria in the small intestine, as seen in small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), can break down bile acids, making them less effective in fat digestion and absorption processes.
  • Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is when the pancreas does not synthesize its digestive enzymes in adequate amounts. This often results from chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, celiac disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
  • Abetalipoproteinemia is a rare genetic condition that affects the ability to package and transport fats in proteins called lipoproteins.

Beyond diagnosis, fecal steatocrit testing can help doctors monitor management strategies for fat malabsorption disorders. The fecal steatocrit test can assess how well the therapy is working by measuring changes in stool fat content over time. This allows healthcare providers to adjust treatments as needed.

Procedure: How Fecal Steatocrit is Measured

The fecal steatocrit test requires patients to collect a stool sample, following these general instructions:

  • Patients should be given a clean, dry collection container by their healthcare provider or lab.Β 
  • Avoid contaminating the sample by urinating before starting and taping the provided liner onto the toilet seat.Β 
  • Collect the sample by pooping onto the liner and using a disposable spatula to scoop a sample of the stool into the collection container.Β 
  • Tightly seal the container to prevent leakage. On the label provided, write your name, date, and time of collection.
  • Store the sample in a cool place until you can deliver it to the lab. The sample should be returned to the lab as soon as possible after collection.

Patients may be asked to consume a high-fat diet before the test. If this is the case, patients should consume 100 grams of fat daily for one to three days before collecting stool. This can be achieved by eating high-fat foods like butter, oils, full-fat dairy products, meat, and nuts.

To determine steatocrit results, the stool sample is processed by spinning it in a centrifuge, which separates the fat from the rest of the stool. The fat content is then reported as a percentage, calculated by comparing the volume of the fatty layer to the volume of the liquid-free part of the stool. This percentage shows how much fat is in the stool sample. (25)Β 

Understanding Fecal Steatocrit Results

Normal steatocrit level is less than 15% of the stool volume.Β 

High fecal steatocrit levels may suggest fat malabsorption, but it is not diagnostic for any one health condition that is responsible for causing steatorrhea. After receiving abnormal results, healthcare providers should conduct a thorough clinical evaluation to identify the underlying cause of fat malabsorption. Depending on the suspected condition, this may involve additional diagnostic tests, such as additional stool or blood testing, imaging studies, and endoscopy. (2)Β 

Results should also be interpreted in the context of the patient's health history, as high levels may be caused by excessive dietary fat intake or taking medications that affect fat absorption, such as bile acid sequestrants or orlistat.

Low steatocrit values, although less common, may be caused by low-fat diets (12).Β 

Management of Conditions Associated with High Fecal Steatocrit

Dietary adjustments are often considered in managing the symptoms of fat malabsorption. Patients may be advised to follow a low-fat diet to help manage symptoms. However, long-term adherence to a low-fat diet may be associated with malnutrition. Therefore, dietary fat restriction is not always recommended as a primary management option for chronic conditions, such as EPI (2).Β 

Eating smaller, more frequent meals can provide symptomatic relief without risking malnutrition associated with fat restriction (36).Β Β 

The management of fat malabsorption disorders also involves addressing the underlying cause. Examples include:Β 

  • Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) is often used for EPI. PERT involves supplementing pancreatic enzymes (amylase, lipase, and protease) with meals to support digestion. These supplements may help improve fat digestion and absorption, thereby reducing steatorrhea and supporting nutritional status. (36)Β 
  • Patients with celiac disease may need to follow a strict gluten-free diet to support intestinal health and nutrient absorption.Β 
  • SIBO management may include antimicrobial therapy (with antibiotics or herbs), dietary modifications, and prokinetic therapy to help prevent recurrence.Β 

Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) rely on proper fat absorption to be effectively utilized by the body. When fat malabsorption occurs, it can result in deficiencies of these vitamins. Therefore, screening for, correcting, and preventing these deficiencies is also a standard part of managing fat malabsorption. This can be done through supplementation or by increasing the intake of foods rich in these vitamins:

[signup]

Key Takeaways

  • The fecal steatocrit test is a tool for assessing and managing fat malabsorption disorders.Β 
  • Its ability to provide direct and reliable measurements of stool fat content makes it valuable in clinical practice. Through accurate assessment and ongoing monitoring, healthcare providers can tailor management strategies to support patient health.Β 
  • As research continues, advancements in testing methodologies and patient education will likely enhance the utility of fecal steatocrit in managing fat malabsorption disorders.Β 
  • For healthcare professionals and patients alike, understanding the role of fecal steatocrit in clinical practice is important for effectively managing these complex conditions.
The information in this article is designed for educational purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for informed medical advice or care. This information should not be used to diagnose or treat any health problems or illnesses without consulting a doctor. Consult with a health care practitioner before relying on any information in this article or on this website.

Learn more

No items found.

Lab Tests in This Article

No lab tests!
  1. Amann, S. T., Josephson, S. A., & Toskes, P. P. (1997). Acid steatocrit: a simple, rapid gravimetric method to determine steatorrhea. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 92(12), 2280–2284. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9399770/
  2. Azer, S. A., & Sankararaman, S. (2020, January 21). Steatorrhea. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541055/
  3. Bansal, A. B., Patel, P., & Al Khalili, Y. (2020). Orlistat. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542202/
  4. Cho, M. S., & Kasi, A. (2020). Zollinger Ellison Syndrome. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537344/
  5. Cholestasis. (2022). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24554-cholestasis
  6. Christie, J. (2023, February 14). Vitamin K's Health Benefits. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/vitamin-ks-role-in-the-body
  7. Cloyd, J. (2023, May 4). A Functional Medicine SIBO Protocol: Testing and Treatment. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-sibo-protocol
  8. Cloyd, J. (2023, June 5). A Functional Medicine Celiac Disease Protocol: Specialty Testing, Nutrition, and Supplements. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-celiac-disease-protocol-diagnosis-nutrition-and-supplements
  9. Cloyd, J. (2023, June 28). Complementary and Integrative Medicine Options for Patients With Liver Disease: Comprehensive Lab Testing, Nutrition, and Supplement Suggestions. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-and-integrative-medicine-approach-to-treating-liver-disease-comprehensive-testing-nutrition-and-treatment-options
  10. Cloyd, J. (2023, September 5). A Root Cause Medicine Protocol For Patients With Chronic Pancreatitis: Testing, Therapeutic Diet, and Supportive Supplements. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-root-cause-medicine-protocol-for-patients-with-chronic-pancreatitis-testing-therapeutic-diet-and-supportive-supplements
  11. Fecal Fat, Quantitative. (2021). Labcorp. https://www.labcorp.com/tests/001354/fecal-fat-quantitative
  12. Genova Diagnostics. (2024). Stool Testing Support Guide. https://www.gdx.net/core/support-guides/Stool-Testing-Combo-Support-Guide.pdf
  13. Greenan, S. (2021, November 2). Constant burping is A sign of this harmful bacterial overgrowth. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-approach-to-sibo
  14. Indiana State Department of Health. (2016). Collecting a Stool Sample. https://www.in.gov/health/idepd/files/Enterovirus_brochure_draft_5-24-16website.pdf
  15. Junaid, Z., & Patel, K. (2021). Abetalipoproteinemia. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513355/
  16. Kresge, K. (2022, November 18). Pancreatic Exocrine Insufficiency: Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/pancreatic-exocrine-insufficiency-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment
  17. Lent-Schochet, D., & Jialal, I. (2021). Antilipemic Agent Bile Acid Sequestrants. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549906/
  18. Malabsorption. ScienceDirect. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/malabsorption
  19. Malabsorption. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22722-malabsorption#symptoms-and-causes
  20. Omer, E., & Chiodi, C. (2024). Fat digestion and absorption: Normal physiology and pathophysiology of malabsorption, including diagnostic testing. Nutrition in Clinical Practice, 39(S1). https://doi.org/10.1002/ncp.11130
  21. Preston, J. (2023, February 23). Functional Medicine Treatment for Malabsorption Syndrome. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/functional-medicine-treatment-for-malabsorption-syndrome
  22. Stanford University Medical Center. 100 gram Fat Diet (for a 24 or 72 hour Stool Fecal Fat Collection). https://stanfordhealthcare.org/content/dam/SHC/for-patients-component/programs-services/clinical-nutrition-services/docs/pdf-100gramfatdiet.pdf
  23. Steatocrit. (2020). Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/biomarkers/steatocrit
  24. Steatocrit. (2024). Healthmatters.io. https://healthmatters.io/understand-blood-test-results/steatocrit
  25. Steatocrit, Faeces. (2024, June 25). Canterbury Health Laboratories. https://www.chl.co.nz/test/steatocrit/
  26. Steatorrhea. (2022, August 15). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/24049-steatorrhea-fatty-stool
  27. Sweetnich, J. (2023, March 24). Vitamin A 101: Health Benefits, Testing, & Top Foods. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/vitamin-a-101-health-benefits-testing-top-foods
  28. Sweetnich, J. (2023, May 4). Vitamin D 101. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/vitamin-d-101-testing-rdas-and-supplementing
  29. Sweetnich, J. (2023, May 8). Vitamin E 101: Exploring Testing, Health Benefits, and Sources of This Antioxidant Powerhouse. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/vitamin-e-101
  30. Tran, M., Forget, P., Van den Neucker, A., J. et al. (1994). The acid steatocrit: a much improved method. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 19(3), 299–303. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005176-199410000-00007
  31. UVA Nutrition. (2021). 100 Gram Fat Diet & Instructions for Fecal Fat Collection. University of Virginia Health System. https://med.virginia.edu/ginutrition/wp-content/uploads/sites/199/2021/07/100-g-fat-diet-7-2021.pdf
  32. Watson, L., Lalji, A., Bodla, S., et al. (2015). Management of bile acid malabsorption using low-fat dietary interventions: a useful strategy applicable to some patients with diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome? Clinical Medicine, 15(6), 536–540. https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.15-6-536
  33. Weinberg, J. L. (2022, February 28). An Integrative Medicine Approach to Celiac Disease. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-approach-to-celiac-disease
  34. Weinberg, J. L. (2022, April 14). Crohn's Disease Symptoms, Causes, And Treatment Options. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-approach-to-crohns-disease
  35. Yoshimura, H. (2023, August 15). A Comprehensive and Integrative Approach to Cystic Fibrosis. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-comprehensive-and-integrative-approach-to-cystic-fibrosis
  36. Zuvarox, T., & Belletieri, C. (2020). Malabsorption Syndromes. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553106/
Order from 30+ labs in 20 seconds (DUTCH, Mosaic, Genova & More!)
We make ordering quick and painless β€” and best of all, it's free for practitioners.

Latest Articles

View more on GI Health
Subscribe to the Magazine for free
Subscribe for free to keep reading! If you are already subscribed, enter your email address to log back in.
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Are you a healthcare practitioner?
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Subscribe to the Magazine for free to keep reading!
Subscribe for free to keep reading, If you are already subscribed, enter your email address to log back in.
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Are you a healthcare practitioner?
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Trusted Source
Rupa Health
Medical Education Platform
Visit Source
Visit Source
American Cancer Society
Foundation for Cancer Research
Visit Source
Visit Source
National Library of Medicine
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
Journal of The American College of Radiology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
National Cancer Institute
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
World Health Organization (WHO)
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of Pediatrics
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
CDC
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
Office of Dietary Supplements
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
National Heart Lung and Blood Institute
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
National Institutes of Health
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
Clinical Infectious Diseases
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Brain
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of Rheumatology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Journal of the National Cancer Institute (JNCI)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Hepatology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Kidney International
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Annals of Surgery
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Chest
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Blood
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Gastroenterology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The American Journal of Psychiatry
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Diabetes Care
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of Clinical Oncology (JCO)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Journal of Clinical Investigation (JCI)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Circulation
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
JAMA Internal Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
PLOS Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Annals of Internal Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Nature Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The BMJ (British Medical Journal)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Lancet
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Pubmed
Comprehensive biomedical database
Visit Source
Visit Source
Harvard
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
Visit Source
Cleveland Clinic
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
Visit Source
Mayo Clinic
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
Visit Source
The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Johns Hopkins
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
Visit Source

Hey Practitioners! On December 11th, join Dr. Terry Wahls in a free live class where she'll share her groundbreaking methods for managing MS and autoimmune patients. This live session will address your most pressing questions and will take a closer look at treatment options beyond the conventional standards of care. Register here.

Register Here