Medication Fact Sheets
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January 30, 2025

Upadacitinib Explained: A Guide for Patients and Providers

Written By
Dr. Kristofer Stauffer PharmD
Medically Reviewed by
Updated On
February 21, 2025

Imagine living with constant joint pain or debilitating skin conditions – a struggle for millions battling autoimmune diseases. These chronic illnesses often disrupt daily life, leaving patients searching for effective treatments. 

Upadacitinib, brand name RINVOQ®, is a recently FDA-approved medication that has been studied for its effectiveness in managing autoimmune conditions and improving patient outcomes in clinical studies.

Autoimmune disease occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells, resulting in inflammation and damage. 

Managing these conditions has long been challenging, but advancements like JAK inhibitors represent an additional treatment option for patients who do not respond to traditional therapies. 

Upadacitinib stands out as a targeted therapy designed to address inflammation at its source. This article dives into upadacitinib's potential as a treatment option, exploring its mechanisms, benefits, and considerations for patients and healthcare providers.

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What is Upadacitinib?

Now that we've introduced upadacitinib as a new treatment, let's take a closer look at what it is and how it works to address symptoms of autoimmune diseases.

Definition and Classification

Upadacitinib is a Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, a medication that blocks specific enzymes involved in inflammation. It is FDA-approved for several conditions, including:

How it Works

The immune system uses JAK pathways to send signals that trigger inflammation. Think of these pathways as messengers delivering an "attack" order. 

Upadacitinib selectively inhibits JAK enzymes, which play a role in immune system signaling pathways associated with inflammation. This is like turning off a faulty alarm system that keeps ringing unnecessarily. This reduces inflammation and helps alleviate symptoms. 

While upadacitinib inhibits JAK enzymes involved in inflammatory pathways, the precise mechanisms of its clinical effects are still being studied.

A visual graphic depicting the mechanism of action of upadacitinib, and how it reduces inflammation
Source: [https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/15/1/48]

Conditions Treated with Upadacitinib

Understanding how upadacitinib works is just the beginning. This section explores the specific conditions it treats and how it has improved patient outcomes in these areas.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Upadacitinib is effective for moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis, especially in patients who do not respond to traditional drugs like methotrexate, as demonstrated in the SELECT-EARLY trial. 

Atopic Dermatitis

Patients with eczema often experience dry, itchy, inflamed skin. Upadacitinib helps reduce these symptoms by targeting immune pathways linked to inflammation. 

Studies highlight improvements in skin clearance and itch reduction, even in severe cases. This effect has also been demonstrated to last long-term, suggesting sustained symptom control for at least 5 years in some patients, though individual responses may vary.

Other Applications

Additional conditions where upadacitinib has been studied include:

  • Psoriatic arthritis: Upadacitinib has been shown to improve symptoms of psoriatic arthritis, including joint inflammation, stiffness, and overall physical function. These results have been demonstrated over at least 2 years in some patients.
  • Crohn's disease: Upadacitinib was approved in 2023 for treating moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease after clinical trials showed that it was superior to placebo for managing inflammation in the digestive tract.
  • Ankylosing spondylitis: Upadacitinib was shown to significantly improve patients' stiffness, pain, and disease activity.
  • Investigational uses: Studies are exploring the potential benefits of JAK inhibitors for lupus, SLE, and other autoimmune conditions; these uses are not FDA-approved.

Benefits of Upadacitinib

Now that we know the conditions upadacitinib is used to treat, let's highlight the specific benefits patients experience when using this medication.

Symptom Relief

In clinical studies, some patients experienced faster pain relief than with older treatments, though responses vary. 

Studies indicate sustained benefits even after long-term use; the BALANCE-EXTEND study demonstrated sustained efficacy through 6 years of treatment in some patients.

Improved Quality of Life

The SELECT-MONOTHERAPY trial showed that patients taking upadacitinib showed statistically significant improvements, with better mobility and less stiffness than methotrexate alone. 

Patients with Crohn's disease reported significant reductions in fatigue and improvements in overall energy levels while taking upadacitinib. 

Some patients in clinical studies experienced significant improvements in emotional well-being and stress levels, though results varied.

Clinical trials indicate potential improvements in quality of life, but individual results depend on multiple factors, including disease severity and other treatments.

Consult a healthcare provider to determine whether upadacitinib is the right option.

Versatility Across Conditions

Since upadacitinib targets pathways common to multiple autoimmune disorders, it offers a unified treatment approach for patients managing overlapping conditions. 

Studies demonstrating efficacy in SLE/Lupus indicate potential use in systemic autoimmune conditions, as there have been studies showing a possible higher incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in patients with lupus.

Risks and Side Effects

While upadacitinib offers many benefits, potential risks and side effects must be considered to ensure patients are well-informed.

Common and Serious Side Effects

Many studies have demonstrated safety data on common side effects and more serious risks that patients and providers should be aware of. 

Below is a table summarizing some of the side effects seen in these studies. 

[9, 10, 33, 48]

Like all medications, upadacitinib carries potential risks. The FDA has issued a black-box warning for JAK inhibitors, including upadacitinib, due to an increased risk of serious infections, cancer, blood clots, and cardiovascular events. 

Patients should discuss risks with their healthcare provider before starting treatment.

Monitoring and Precautions

These side effects may require patients to undergo routine blood testing to monitor liver function, cholesterol, and immune markers. Physicians may also recommend screening for infections before starting treatment. 

Upadacitinib vs. Other Treatments

How does upadacitinib stack up against other treatments? Let's compare its efficacy, convenience, and patient preferences.

A major study, the SELECT-NEXT trial, found that upadacitinib helped patients who didn't improve with standard treatments like methotrexate, sulfasalazine, and leflunomide. 

Some clinical studies suggest upadacitinib may provide quicker relief compared to certain older medications, though individual responses vary. 

In the SELECT-COMPARE trial, patients taking upadacitinib with methotrexate saw better and quicker improvements than those taking adalimumab (a commonly used TNF inhibitor), with benefits lasting up to 48 weeks.

Some patients in studies expressed a preference for oral administration over injectable biologic medications. 

While some patients prefer oral administration to increase adherence, treatment choices should be based on individual medical needs and provider recommendations.

Dosage and Administration

Getting the dosage right is critical for effective treatment. Let's discuss how to take upadacitinib and what patients need to know.

Recommended Dosage

Recommended dosing varies by condition and should be determined by a healthcare provider. The following doses are commonly used based on clinical trials and FDA approval.

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Upadacitinib can be taken with or without food. Missing doses should be avoided; if a dose is missed, patients should follow their healthcare provider's guidance on when to take the next dose.

Current Research and Future Directions

What does the future hold for upadacitinib? Further studies are underway to determine the drug's potential role in other autoimmune conditions.

Ongoing research explores whether upadacitinib may benefit conditions such as lupus/SLE and the potential for use in combination therapy with BTK inhibitors or methotrexate to enhance effectiveness. 

Additionally, there are studies exploring treatment for alopecia areata and vitiligo. However, these applications have not yet received FDA approval.

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Key Takeaways

  • Upadacitinib (RINVOQ®) is an FDA-approved Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor used to treat autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and eczema by reducing inflammation.
  • This medication blocks JAK enzymes that send inflammatory signals in the immune system, helping to control symptoms in patients who do not respond well to traditional treatments.
  • Clinical trials suggest that upadacitinib can relieve symptoms, improve mobility, and enhance the quality of life for some patients, though individual responses vary.
  • Common side effects include nausea, headaches, and respiratory infections, while serious risks include blood clots, infections, and heart-related issues, leading to an FDA black-box warning.
  • Some studies indicate that upadacitinib may work faster or better than certain older medications, and many patients prefer its oral form over injectable treatments.
  • Ongoing studies are exploring its potential use for lupus, alopecia areata, and vitiligo, but these applications are not yet FDA-approved.
The information in this article is designed for educational purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for informed medical advice or care. This information should not be used to diagnose or treat any health problems or illnesses without consulting a doctor. Consult with a health care practitioner before relying on any information in this article or on this website.

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Kristofer Stauffer
Author
Dr. Kristofer Stauffer PharmD
Clinical Pharmacist, Medical Writer
Medically Reviewed by
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