Title
Subscribe to the Magazine for free
Subscribe for free to keep reading! If you are already subscribed, enter your email address to log back in.
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Are you a healthcare practitioner?
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.

Understanding Your Lupus Lab Test Results: ANA, Anti-dsDNA, and Key Markers

Why This Was Updated?

Our specialists regularly review advancements in health and wellness, ensuring our articles are updated with the newest information as it becomes accessible.
Medically Reviewed by

For those who have recently received a lupus diagnosis or are trying to understand their condition, the experience can often feel overwhelming. Lupus is a complex autoimmune disease that affects many aspects of health, and understanding lab test results is a key part of managing it. Tests like the antinuclear antibody (ANA) and anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) are important tools for doctors to evaluate how active a person’s lupus is and to determine the best treatment approach.

This article summarizes these key tests in simple terms, making it easier for readers to understand test results and their importance. The goal is to provide the knowledge readers need to feel more in control of their health. Whether you are a patient with a recent diagnosis or a healthcare provider looking to enhance your patient care, understanding these tests is essential in navigating the complexities of lupus.

Sign Up to Order Lab Tests for Lupus Patients

[signup]

What is Lupus?

Lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease where the body's immune system mistakenly targets healthy tissues. Among the four types of lupus, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the most common and complex, as it can affect multiple organs and systems throughout the body. Individuals with lupus can experience a wide range of symptoms, such as fatigue, joint pain, and skin rashes. These symptoms can vary in severity and may flare up or subside over time.Β 

Lab tests play a central role in managing lupus and monitoring its progression. These tests help doctors diagnose the condition, assess its severity, and track how well treatments are working. By evaluating specific markers in the blood, healthcare providers can gain insights into disease activity, identify potential complications, and make informed decisions about the best treatment strategies. Regular monitoring through lab tests is key to effectively managing lupus and improving the quality of life for those living with the condition.

Key Lupus Lab Tests: What They Measure and Why They Matter

Understanding the lab tests used to diagnose and manage lupus is essential for both patients and healthcare providers. These tests play a central role in identifying disease activity and evaluating treatment effectiveness. Here are the main lab tests, what they measure, and the significance of their results.

ANA (Antinuclear Antibody Test)

An ANA test is an important initial step in evaluating a potential lupus diagnosis. This test detects antinuclear antibodies in the blood. These antibodies target the body's healthy cells, a hallmark behavior of autoimmune diseases like lupus. A positive ANA test suggests that the immune system is producing these antibodies, which can indicate lupus. About 97% of individuals with lupus will have a positive ANA result. However, receiving a positive lab result doesn’t confirm a lupus diagnosis, as ANA can also be present in other conditions. A positive ANA result will likely lead to further testing, while a negative result typically suggests that lupus is unlikely.Β 

Anti-dsDNA (Anti-Double Stranded DNA Test)

The anti-dsDNA test measures antibodies that target double-stranded DNA, closely associated with lupus.These antibodies are typically absent or found in negligible levels in a healthy immune system. When anti-dsDNA levels are higher than normal, it means the immune system is more active than usual. This can happen for several reasons, like fighting an infection, reacting to medications, or having an active autoimmune disease like lupus. This test is essential for monitoring lupus flare-ups and checking for kidney involvement, also known as lupus nephritis.Β 

Anti-Sm (Anti-Smith Antibody Test)

Anti-Sm antibodies are specific to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and are not generally present in other autoimmune diseases. The Sm antigen, or Smith antigen, is named after Stephanie Smith, the first person found to have these antibodies. Along with symptoms, a positive Anti-Sm test can support a lupus diagnosis and may indicate more severe disease progression.

Complement Levels (C3, C4)

C3 and C4 are complement proteins that help monitor disease activity in lupus. These proteins recognize and mark pathogens for destruction, attract immune cells to sites of infection, and can directly destroy pathogens by creating holes in their membranes. When disease activity increases, these protein levels often decrease, indicating that the immune system is more active than usual. Tracking these levels can help doctors see how well treatment is working. If complement levels increase, it may mean the treatment is effective. On the other hand, low levels could indicate chronic inflammation or a flare-up, which may require changes in treatment.Β 

ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate) and CRP (C-Reactive Protein)

Inflammation levels in the body can be assessed using measures such as ESR and CRP, which can also help identify autoimmune disorders. These tests serve as indicators of inflammation and disease activity in lupus. By examining these markers, healthcare providers can determine the presence and severity of lupus-related inflammation.‍

Complete Blood Count (CBC) and Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP)

A CBC evaluates immune function, while a CMP tests kidney and liver function. Since lupus can impact these systems, these basic blood tests are useful for managing the condition. In lupus, blood levels can be affected, leading to issues such as anemia, which is a low red blood cell count, leukopenia, or a low white blood cell count, and thrombocytopenia, which is a low platelet count. These labs provide valuable information about the patient’s overall health and disease activity.

Urinalysis

A urinalysis is the simplest and most common test used to determine whether a person has lupus nephritis. This test can reveal kidney involvement in lupus, such as proteinuria and hematuria, which are important for assessing kidney function.

Understanding Your Lupus Lab Results

Understanding lupus lab results can feel challenging, but knowing their meaning is important for managing the condition. This step-by-step guide will help you make sense of common lab results, focusing on normal ranges and what abnormal values might indicate.

Step 1: Know the Normal Ranges: Each lab may have slightly different normal ranges, so it’s important to refer to the specific values provided with your results. Familiarize yourself with the typical ranges for key tests, such as ANA, anti-dsDNA, anti-Sm, and complement.

Step 2: Understand Individual Test Results.

  • Ana Test: ANA results are usually reported as a scale from 0 to 4+ or as a titer, showing how many times a blood sample can be diluted and still test positive. Levels of 0, 1+, or 2+, or titers below 1:80 typically don’t indicate a significant issue. Higher ANA titers are more likely to suggest an autoimmune disease.

  • Anti-dsDNA: Elevated levels are more specific to lupus, although labs have different methods for reporting this test. Some use a scale from 0 to 4+ (with 0, 1+, and 2+ indicating low titers and 3+ and 4+ indicating high titers), while others provide numerical values. To determine what is considered high, refer to the specific range used by the lab that performed the test.
  • Anti-Sm: The presence of anti-Sm antibodies is a positive test result and is specific to SLE. The general reference values are <1.0 U (negative) and β‰₯1.0 U (positive).

  • Complement Levels (C3, C4): Low levels of C3 and C4 (below 60 for C3 and below 15 for C4) are commonly seen in active lupus, particularly when the kidneys are involved.
  • ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate) and CRP (C-Reactive Protein): Normal ESR values may vary depending on the lab and other factors such as age and sex. A normal value for CRP is less than one milligram per deciliter (<1.0 mg/dL).

  • Complete Blood Count (CBC) and Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP): Understanding the optimal values of CBC lab results can help identify potential health issues related to lupus, guide treatment decisions, and monitor the effectiveness of ongoing therapies for managing the condition. Optimal CMP levels for kidney and liver function, electrolyte levels, and blood sugar can vary between laboratories.

  • Β Urinalysis: A urinalysis may reveal higher levels of protein or red blood cells in the urine, indicating that lupus may be impacting the kidneys. Further analysis of urinalysis ranges and findings can be found here.

Step 3: Lab Results Do Not Equal Diagnosis

It’s important to remember that a single lab test result cannot definitively diagnose lupus. Many factors can influence test outcomes, and a lupus diagnosis needs to include a combination of lab results and clinical symptoms.

Step 4: Monitor Trends Over Time
Observe changes in lab values over time rather than focusing on one test result. For example, rising levels of anti-dsDNA antibodies can indicate an increase in disease activity or a potential flare-up, while decreasing levels of complement proteins could indicate that treatment is effective and inflammation is subsiding.

Step 5: Consult Your Healthcare Provider
Always talk to your healthcare provider about your lab results. They can help explain what the results mean for you and guide you in making smart choices about your treatment.

When Should You Get Tested?

Knowing when to get tested for lupus is essential for managing the condition effectively.

Lab tests are typically performed at critical stages, such as during the initial diagnosis, during flare-ups, and for regular monitoring.Β 

During Diagnosis: When lupus is first suspected, especially if a person is experiencing symptoms like fatigue, joint pain, or skin rashes, a series of initial lab tests are important for confirming the diagnosis.

During Flare-Ups: If an individual with lupus notices that their symptoms are worsening, their doctor may request additional labs to evaluate disease activity and adjust their treatment plan as needed.

Routine Monitoring: The frequency and timing of lupus tests can differ for each person depending on how their disease progresses and how they respond to treatment. Based on the individual's situation, healthcare providers might suggest lab tests every few months or even more often if there are notable changes in symptoms or health status.

Beyond the Bloodwork: Other Tools to Assess Lupus

In addition to blood tests, imaging techniques and biopsies are essential for a thorough evaluation of lupus. Imaging methods such as X-rays, ultrasounds, and MRIs can help detect any damage to organs and joints, providing insights into the disease's effects on the body.

Kidney and skin biopsies can offer further insight. A kidney biopsy can assess the extent of kidney involvement in lupus nephritis, while skin biopsies can assess skin lesions characteristic of cutaneous lupus.

These diagnostic tools complement lab results by providing a more comprehensive understanding of a patient’s condition. Lab tests, imaging, and biopsies allow healthcare providers to create personalized treatment plans and effectively monitor the disease's progression, leading to better patient outcomes.

Frequently Asked Questions About Lupus Lab Tests

These questions can help clarify your health status and the next steps in your care. Organizations like the Lupus Foundation of America also provide comprehensive FAQs.

How accurate are lupus lab tests?

Lupus lab tests generally provide accurate results, but their reliability can vary among individuals. A diagnosisΒ  of lupus requires a comprehensive approach that considers lab findings, clinical symptoms, and medical history rather than relying on a single test.

Can medications affect lupus lab results?

Yes, certain medications can influence lupus lab results. For instance, corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs may alter antibody levels and other inflammation markers. Patients need to inform their healthcare providers about any medications or supplements they are taking, as this information helps interpret lab results more accurately.

What should I ask my doctor after getting lab test results?

After receiving your lab test results, consider asking your doctor the following questions:

  • What do my results indicate?
  • Will I need more tests to clarify my diagnosis?
  • Should I see a specialist?
  • How will these results affect my treatment?
  • What lifestyle changes or monitoring should I think about based on my results?
  • How often should I have follow-up tests to monitor my condition?

[signup]

Key Takeaways for Patients and Healthcare ProvidersΒ 

  • Understanding lupus lab results requires a comprehensive approach. Familiarize yourself with key lupus tests and remember that results should be interpreted alongside symptoms and overall health.
  • Patients need to engage in open communication with their healthcare providers. Asking questions and discussing lab results can enhance understanding and management of their condition.

  • Consistent lab testing is essential for tracking disease activity and treatment effectiveness. This proactive approach can lead to better health outcomes and improved quality of life.
  • Lab tests provide essential information about lupus management. By understanding results and staying in close contact with healthcare providers, patients can take charge of their health and manage their condition more effectively.Β 
The information provided is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult with your doctor or other qualified healthcare provider before taking any dietary supplement or making any changes to your diet or exercise routine.
Learn More
No items found.

Lab Tests in This Article

No lab tests!

A, C., Travers, P., Walport, M., & Shlomchik, M. J. (2001). The complement system and innate immunity. Nih.gov; Garland Science. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK27100/

Admou, B., Eddehbi, F., Elmoumou, L., Elmojadili, S., Salami, A., Oujidi, M., Brahim, I., & Hazime, R. (2022). Anti-double stranded DNA antibodies: A rational diagnostic approach in limited-resource settings. Practical Laboratory Medicine, 31, e00285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plabm.2022.e00285

Ahn, S. S., Jung, S. M., Yoo, J., Lee, S.-W., Song, J. J., & Park, Y.-B. (2019). Anti-Smith antibody is associated with disease activity in patients with new-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology International, 39(11), 1937–1944. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-019-04445-y

ANA Screen by Access Medical Laboratories. (n.d.). Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/lab-tests/access-medical-labs-ana-screen

Anti-Double-Stranded DNA. (n.d.). Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/biomarkers/anti-double-stranded-dna

Antinuclear antibody panel: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Medlineplus.gov. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003535.htm

Bertagna, B. (2024, February). Behind the Redness: Decoding Malar Rash vs Rosacea. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/behind-the-redness-decoding-malar-rash-vs-rosacea

Blake, K. (2023, October 20). Did You Know That Chronic Inflammation Has An Impact on Your Mental Health? Find Out How Testing Can Help Uncover and Reduce Inflammation. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/did-you-know-that-chronic-inflammation-has-an-impact-on-your-mental-health-find-out-how-testing-can-help-uncover-and-reduce-inflammation

Carnago, L. (2023, February). Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA). Rheumatology.org. https://rheumatology.org/patients/antinuclear-antibodies-ana

CDC. (2024, May 10). Lupus Types. Lupus. https://www.cdc.gov/lupus/glossary/index.html

Cleveland Clinic. (2022, August 16). Antigen: What It Is, Function, Types, & Testing. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24067-antigen

Cloyd, J. (2023a, March 6). The Microbiome-Joint Axis: Exploring the Gut’s Influence on Joint Pain. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/the-guts-role-in-joint-inflammation

Cloyd, J. (2023b, July 26). A Functional Medicine Iron Deficiency Anemia Protocol: Comprehensive Testing, Therapeutic Diet, and Supplements. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-iron-deficiency-anemia-protocol-comprehensive-testing-therapeutic-diet-and-supplements

Cloyd, J. (2023c, December 1). How to Interpret CBC Results: A Comprehensive Guide. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/how-to-interpret-cbc-results-a-comprehensive-guide

Cloyd, J. (2024a, January 19). Understanding the Role of Kidney Function Tests in Comprehensive Health Assessments. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/understanding-the-role-of-kidney-function-tests-in-comprehensive-health-assessments

Cloyd, J. (2024b, January 24). The Value of Urinalysis in Functional Medicine: A Tool for Comprehensive Health Assessment. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/the-value-of-urinalysis-in-functional-medicine-a-tool-for-comprehensive-health-assessment

Cloyd, J. (2024c, September 10). High Protein in Urine Explained: What It Means and How to Manage . Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/high-protein-in-urine-explained-what-it-means-and-how-to-manage-it

Cloyd, K. (2023, October 3). Functional Medicine Protocol for Autoimmune Diseases: Balancing the Immune System. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/functional-medicine-protocol-for-autoimmune-diseases-balancing-the-immune-system

Complement C3. (n.d.). Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/biomarkers/c3

Complement C4. (n.d.). Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/biomarkers/c4

Cox, A. D. (2022, August 10). Chronic Fatigue, Chest Pain, Stiffness, And Headaches Are All Signs Of This Autoimmune Disease. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/natural-treatment-for-lupus

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate. (n.d.). Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/biomarkers/esr

https://www.rupahealth.com/labs/ultimate-guide-to-the-comprehensive-metabolic-panel. (n.d.). Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/labs/ultimate-guide-to-the-comprehensive-metabolic-panel

Khakham, C. (2023, June 30). Integrative approaches to the treatment of lupus: A comprehensive review. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/integrative-approaches-to-the-treatment-of-lupus-a-comprehensive-review

Lab Tests for Lupus | Lupus Foundation of America. (2013). Www.lupus.org. https://www.lupus.org/resources/lab-tests-for-lupus

Lester, T. (2024, March 4). The role of lifestyle factors in autoimmune disease management. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/the-role-of-lifestyle-factors-in-autoimmune-disease-management

Lu, W., Zhong, Y., Zhang, Y., Liu, Z., & Xue, L. (2021). The Clinical Characteristics of Leukopenia in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus of Han Ethnicity in China: A Cross-Sectional Study. Rheumatology and Therapy, 8(3), 1177–1188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40744-021-00336-6

Lupus Blood Test Results: What to Know | HSS Rheumatology. (n.d.). Hospital for Special Surgery. https://www.hss.edu/conditions_understanding-laboratory-tests-and-results-for-systemic-lupus-erythematosus.asp#dsDNA

Lupus Foundation of America. (2021, August 4). Medications used to treat lupus. Lupus Foundation of America. https://www.lupus.org/resources/medications-used-to-treat-lupus

Lupus Foundation of America. β€œWhat Is a Flare? | Lupus Foundation of America.” Www.lupus.org, 29 July 2020, www.lupus.org/resources/what-is-a-flare.

Lupus Nephritis & Your Kidneys. (2024, August 12). National Kidney Foundation. https://www.kidney.org/lupus-nephritis-your-kidneys

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2019, December 3). Lupus and Kidney Disease (Lupus Nephritis) | NIDDK. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/lupus-nephritis

Okon, L. G., & Werth, V. P. (2013). Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: Diagnosis and treatment. Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology, 27(3), 391–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.berh.2013.07.008

Optimal Ranges. (2020). Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/optimal-ranges

Rupa Health. (n.d.). C-Reactive Protein. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/biomarkers/c-reactive-protein

Sathianathen, N. J., Butaney, M., Weight, C. J., Kumar, R., & Konety, B. R. (2018). Urinary Biomarkers in the Evaluation of Primary Hematuria: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Bladder Cancer, 4(4), 353–363. https://doi.org/10.3233/blc-180179

Search. (2024). Lupus Foundation of America. https://www.lupus.org/search?_limit=10&_page=1&keywords=FAQ&_sort=relevance&language=en

Sm Antibody. (n.d.). Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/biomarkers/sm-antibody

Smith (Sm) Antibodies, IgG, Serum -
Mayo Clinic Laboratories | Pediatric Catalog. (2019). Testcatalog.org. https://pediatric.testcatalog.org/show/SM

Tan, E. M., Feltkamp, T. E., Smolen, J. S., Butcher, B., Dawkins, R., Fritzler, M. J., Gordon, T., Hardin, J. A., Kalden, J. R., Lahita, R. G., Maini, R. N., McDougal, J. S., Rothfield, N. F., Smeenk, R. J., Takasaki, Y., Wiik, A., Wilson, M. R., & Koziol, J. A. (1997). Range of antinuclear antibodies in β€œhealthy” individuals. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 40(9), 1601–1611. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.1780400909

Thurman, J. M., & Serkova, N. J. (2015). Non-invasive imaging to monitor lupus nephritis and neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. F1000Research, 4, 153. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.6587.2

Tishkowski, K., & Gupta, V. (2023, April 23). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557485/

Total Complement | Rupa Health. (2020). Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/biomarkers/total-complement

van Beers, J. J. B. C., & Schreurs, M. W. J. (2022). Anti-Sm antibodies in the classification criteria of systemic lupus erythematosus. Journal of Translational Autoimmunity, 5, 100155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtauto.2022.100155

Weinberg, J. (2023, November 1). Unveiling the Power of Integrative Medicine and Advanced Lab Testing for Effective Prevention and Treatment of Thrombocytopenia. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/unveiling-the-power-of-integrative-medicine-and-advanced-lab-testing-for-effective-prevention-and-treatment-of-thrombocytopenia

What is a flare? | Lupus Foundation of America. (n.d.). Www.lupus.org. https://www.lupus.org/resources/what-is-a-flare

What Should I Ask My Doctor During a Checkup? (n.d.). National Institute on Aging. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/medical-care-and-appointments/what-should-i-ask-my-doctor-during-checkup

Yoshimura, H. (2023, May 8). A Functional Medicine Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Protocol: Testing, Diagnosing, and Treatment. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-systemic-lupus-erythematosus-sle-protocol-testing-diagnosing-and-treatment

Yoshimura, H. (2024, April 8). Evidence-Based Review: The Role of Anti-Inflammatory Foods. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/evidence-based-review-the-role-of-anti-inflammatory-foods

Zanussi, J. T., Zhao, J., Wei, W.-Q., Karakoc, G., Chung, C. P., Feng, Q., Olsen, N. J., Stein, C. M., & Kawai, V. K. (2023). Clinical diagnoses associated with a positive antinuclear antibody test in patients with and without autoimmune disease. BMC Rheumatology, 7, 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41927-023-00349-4

(2020). Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/labs/comprehensive-guide-to-the-cbc-w-diff-platelets

Subscribe to the Magazine for free to keep reading!
Subscribe for free to keep reading, If you are already subscribed, enter your email address to log back in.
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Are you a healthcare practitioner?
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
See All Magazine Articles
Trusted Source
Rupa Health
Medical Education Platform
Visit Source
American Cancer Society
Foundation for Cancer Research
Visit Source
National Library of Medicine
Government Authority
Visit Source
Journal of The American College of Radiology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
National Cancer Institute
Government Authority
Visit Source
World Health Organization (WHO)
Government Authority
Visit Source
The Journal of Pediatrics
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
CDC
Government Authority
Visit Source
Office of Dietary Supplements
Government Authority
Visit Source
National Heart Lung and Blood Institute
Government Authority
Visit Source
National Institutes of Health
Government Authority
Visit Source
Clinical Infectious Diseases
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Brain
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Rheumatology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Journal of the National Cancer Institute (JNCI)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Hepatology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Kidney International
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Annals of Surgery
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Chest
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Blood
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Gastroenterology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The American Journal of Psychiatry
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Diabetes Care
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Journal of Clinical Oncology (JCO)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Journal of Clinical Investigation (JCI)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Circulation
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
JAMA Internal Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
PLOS Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Annals of Internal Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Nature Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The BMJ (British Medical Journal)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
The Lancet
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Pubmed
Comprehensive biomedical database
Visit Source
Harvard
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
Cleveland Clinic
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
Mayo Clinic
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Johns Hopkins
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source