Women's Health
|
August 27, 2024

Understanding High-Risk Pregnancy: What It Means for Mothers and Babies

Medically Reviewed by
Updated On
December 13, 2024

High-risk pregnancy is a term that tends to evoke anxiety and concern among expecting mothers and their families. It refers to pregnancies that carry an increased risk of complications for the mother, the baby, or both.Β 

Understanding what constitutes a high-risk pregnancy, the associated risk factors, and how to manage such pregnancies is crucial for ensuring the best possible outcomes for both mother and child.Β 

As the prevalence of high-risk pregnancies rises due to factors like advanced maternal age and chronic health conditions, this knowledge becomes even more essential. This article aims to educate patients and practitioners on definitions, symptoms, prevalence, prognosis, testing, and treatment options for total health and wellness.Β 

[signup]

What Does High-Risk Pregnancy Mean?

A high-risk pregnancy threatens the health or life of the mother or her baby. This classification can be based on medical, surgical, obstetric, and lifestyle-related concerns.Β 

A complete medical history will be reviewed to assess maternal age (upon due date), pre-existing conditions, previous pregnancies, and history of those prior pregnancies and labors.Β 

Conditions such as preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and previous preterm births can place a pregnancy in the high-risk category. Other risk factors include maternal age, chronic diseases, and multiple pregnancies. Understanding these criteria helps in early identification and management of potential complications.

High-Risk Pregnancy by Age

Maternal age plays a profound role in the classification of high-risk pregnancies. Women over the age of 35 (also known as a geriatric pregnancy) are at a higher risk of complications such as high blood pressure, gestational diabetes, and chromosomal abnormalities like Down syndrome. (2)

On the other hand, teenage pregnancies also pose risks due to the potential for preterm labor, low birth weight, nutritional deficiencies, and mental and emotional support. (3, 55)

A woman's medical history and pre-existing chronic conditions can significantly impact her pregnancy. Conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, thyroid, and autoimmune diseases can lead to complications. Additionally, a history of pregnancy complications, including preterm birth, preeclampsia, and stillbirth, can increase the risk in subsequent pregnancies.

Lifestyle choices also contribute to high-risk pregnancy. Smoking, alcohol consumption, and substance abuse are linked to various complications, including preterm labor, low birth weight, and developmental issues for the baby. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including regular prenatal care and proper nutrition, is critical in managing and mitigating these risks.

Pregnancies involving twins, triplets, or higher-order multiples are inherently high-risk. These pregnancies are associated with an increased likelihood of preterm labor, gestational diabetes, and preeclampsia. Close monitoring and specialized care are essential to manage the complications that may arise from multiple pregnancies.

The content mentioned includes various conditions such as gestational diabetes, fetal growth restriction, and preeclampsia.Β 

Several medical conditions during pregnancy are classified as high-risk:

Gestational Diabetes: This condition can lead to high blood sugar levels that affect both the mother and baby. Managing blood sugar through diet, exercise, and medication is essential. (26)

Preeclampsia and Eclampsia: Characterized by hypertension and proteinuria (protein in the urine), preeclampsia can lead to severe complications if untreated. (33) Pregnancy shifts the balance of hemostatic factors toward coagulation and enhances platelet activation. (23) Periodontal disease and gingivitis are risk factors for preeclampsia. (23,39) Eclampsia includes seizures and requires immediate medical intervention.

Placenta Previa: This condition results when the placenta covers the cervix, leading to bleeding and complications during delivery. (25)

Preterm Labor and Birth: Delivering before 37 weeks of gestation can lead to various health issues for the baby, including respiratory problems and developmental delays. (25)

Pyelonephritis: Pregnancy generally increases the risk of urinary tract infection (UTI). A UTI can spread and cause pyelonephritis, a severe kidney infection associated with fever, chills, and flank pain (along the spine, abdominal, side, and lower back). (23)

Fetal Growth Restriction (Intrauterine Growth Restriction, IUGR): This condition indicates that the baby is not growing at the expected rate, leading to complications before and after birth. It is also associated with some autoimmune conditions. (24)Β 

The Role of the High-Risk Pregnancy Doctor

The prognosis for high-risk pregnancies varies depending on the specific conditions and how well they are managed. With proper care and monitoring, many high-risk pregnancies result in healthy outcomes for both mother and baby.Β 

However, it is essential to be aware of the potential for complications and to work closely with healthcare providers to manage risks. To address ongoing health concerns, long-term follow-up care may be necessary for both mother and baby.

IVF Pregnancy Risks

Pregnancies conceived through in vitro fertilization (IVF) and other assisted reproductive technologies carry their own set of risks. These include a higher incidence of multiple pregnancies, preterm birth, and low birth weight. Monitoring and specialized care are necessary to address these potential complications.

Essential Lab Tests for High-Risk Pregnancies

Here are standard and specialized lab tests for high-risk pregnancies:

Standard Prenatal Lab Tests

  • Blood Tests (e.g., CBC, Blood Type): These tests should be run regardless of the type of provider you are working with. This is to ensure that the mother and baby are healthy and to assess evident nutritional deficiencies through the RBC.Β 
  • Urine Tests (protein, glucose levels): This test is done routinely at visits to assess conditions such as protein in the urine that may indicate kidney issues, preeclampsia, eclampsia, or other conditions. Glucose in the urine would suggest that the patient may have diabetes.Β 

Specialized Lab Tests for High-Risk Pregnancies

Specialized testing will depend on the pregnancy trimester:

First and Second Trimester Screening Tests

First and foremost, a provider will start with:

In addition, immunity testing will be conducted for:Β 

End of Second Trimester

Group B streptococcus may be transferred from the vaginal and rectum areas of the mother during labor and birth to the baby, which may cause severe illness or death of the baby. (2) Glucose testing for Gestational Diabetes.

Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT)

The NIPT blood test checks for fetal DNA in the mother's blood. It's ordered to determine whether the fetus is at risk for a chromosomal disorder and may be conducted from 10 weeks on. It is not a diagnostic test.Β 

An additional test must confirm or rule out the diagnosis if the results are abnormal. It is usually offered to pregnant women at higher risk due to age or if they have a history of birthing a baby with a chromosomal abnormality. (29)

Amniocentesis and Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

These tests check cells from the placenta to determine if they have a chromosomal abnormality (e.g., Down's syndrome). They can be conducted from weeks 10 to 13 and can definitively determine if a baby will be born with a specific chromosomal disorder.

Importance of Early and Regular Testing

Detection and management of complications early on are vital for the health and well-being of the mother and child. With early and regular testing, many complications may be mitigated or, at the very least, managed safely, and awareness of the circumstances may be brought to light so that there are fewer surprises.Β 

Additional Testing and Biomarkers in High-Risk Pregnancy

In certain cases, the following additional tests may be warranted:

Ultrasound and Imaging Tests

Fetal anatomy scans ensure that the baby is growing regularly and in rhythm, with all anatomical parts, such as fingers, toes, facial bones, and the spine, in place.Β 

Doppler ultrasound for blood flow measures the blood vessel flow of a pregnant person and unborn baby; it may also be used to explore the blood flow in the umbilical vein and arteries, brain, heart, and other organs. Typically, these are used at each visit to ensure the baby's heart is not beating abnormally and, consequently, to ensure there is still a beat if there should be any changes that seem abnormal.Β Β 

Biomarkers and Their Significance

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is produced by the liver and yolk sac of the baby and has no normal function in adults who are not pregnant. Abnormal levels increase with pregnancy, liver conditions, and certain cancers. (11)

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) This test is used to detect the beta subunit of HCG, providing a sensitive and specific test for the detection of early pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, or threatened abortion. (15)

Pregnancy-associated plasma Protein A (PAPP-A) is a hormone produced by the placenta that indicates the health of the placenta and baby. (58)

Monitoring for Specific Conditions

Preeclampsia: CBC, urinalysis, blood pressure, and impaired liver function. Symptoms may include headache, stomach pain, hyperreflexia, and vision changes.Β 

Gestational Diabetes: Oral glucose tolerance testing, hemoglobin A1C (frequently used to assess glucose control for the past three months), glucose testing (a screening test to detect diabetes mellitus, evaluate carbohydrate metabolism disorders including alcoholism acidosis, ketoacidosis, dehydration, coma, hypoglycemia, insulinoma, and neuroglycopenia) and oral glucose testing (OGT). (23)

Autoimmunity (e.g., thyroiditis, antiphospholipid syndrome): ANA with reflex to pattern and titer, rheumatoid factor (RF), thyroglobulin antibodies, and thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO). There are many markers depending on the symptom profile.

Managing High-Risk Pregnancy: Tips for Patients

Recognizing symptoms that may indicate a high-risk pregnancy is crucial for early intervention and management. Symptoms such as severe headaches, vision changes, significant swelling, pain, or decreased fetal movement warrant immediate medical attention.Β 

It is important to stress that if you sense something is wrong, even if you don't know what, consult your provider. Diagnostic tests and screenings, including ultrasounds, blood tests, and fetal monitoring, help identify and manage high-risk pregnancies.Β 

Regular prenatal visits allow healthcare providers to closely monitor the pregnancy and promptly address concerns.

A high-risk pregnancy has negative implications for the wellbeing, coping and psychopathology of the mother as often the mother may feel incapable, pessimistic, or a failure to her unborn child due to the diagnosis.Β 

Taking a holistic approach to care for her, providing her with necessary tools and wellbeing, and including a friend or partner for checkups is a valuable resource for the mom that helps her to navigate and have emotional support. (55)Β 

High-Risk Pregnancy Specialists

High-risk pregnancies often require the expertise of maternal-fetal medicine (MFM) specialists. These specialists are trained to manage complex pregnancies and collaborate with obstetricians, primary care providers, and other healthcare professionals to provide comprehensive care.Β 

The goal is to monitor the health of both mother and baby closely and to intervene as necessary to prevent or manage complications. Integrative Medicine and Alternative practitionersΒ 

Treatment and Monitoring

Treatment for high-risk pregnancies varies depending on the specific conditions and risks involved. This may include medication to manage conditions like gestational diabetes or hypertension, lifestyle modifications, and, in some cases, bed rest.Β 

Regular monitoring through ultrasounds, non-stress tests, and blood tests is essential to track the progress of the pregnancy and detect any potential issues early.

Lifestyle and Self-Care

A healthy lifestyle is crucial for managing a high-risk pregnancy. Proper hydration, eating a balanced diet that incorporates essential nutrients, and engaging in regular physical activity under the supervision of a healthcare provider are advised. (48) Avoiding harmful substances such as tobacco, alcohol, and recreational drugs is vital. Stress management techniques like prenatal yoga and meditation can also be beneficial.

[signup]

Key Takeaways

  • A high-risk pregnancy can be a challenging experience, but with the proper knowledge, support, and medical care, many mothers successfully navigate these challenges and deliver healthy babies.Β 
  • Regular prenatal visits, proper nutrition, and avoiding harmful substances can help mitigate risks and promote a healthy pregnancy.Β 
  • Prioritizing maternal and fetal health, staying informed about potential risks, recognizing symptoms, and following healthcare providers' recommendations are vital in managing high-risk pregnancies effectively.Β 
  • It is critical to stay informed, seek support, and collaborate with healthcare providers throughout the pregnancy journey.
  • Every pregnancy is unique. Personalized care ensures the best possible outcomes for both mother and child.

FAQs and Common Concerns

What is considered a high-risk pregnancy?

High-risk pregnancy involves factors or conditions that increase the risk of complications for the mother or baby.

Can you survive a high-risk pregnancy?

Many women with high-risk pregnancies have successful outcomes with proper care and management.

Can high-risk pregnancy be successful?

Yes, with appropriate medical care and monitoring, high-risk pregnancies can result in healthy deliveries.

What is a high-risk score in pregnancy?

A high-risk score indicates a higher likelihood of complications and the need for specialized care.

What does a high-risk pregnancy mean in the first trimester?

This means that pregnancy has factors that increase the risk of complications, requiring closer monitoring and care from the outset.

High-risk Pregnancy Dos and Don'ts

Dos:

  • Regular prenatal care
  • Following medical advice
  • Maintaining a healthy lifestyle

Don'ts:

  • Exposure to harmful substances
  • High-risk activities

High-risk pregnancy is a term that tends to evoke anxiety and concern among expecting mothers and their families. It refers to pregnancies that carry an increased risk of complications for the mother, the baby, or both.Β 

Understanding what constitutes a high-risk pregnancy, the associated risk factors, and how to manage such pregnancies is crucial for ensuring the best possible outcomes for both mother and child.Β 

As the prevalence of high-risk pregnancies rises due to factors like advanced maternal age and chronic health conditions, this knowledge becomes even more essential. This article aims to educate patients and practitioners on definitions, symptoms, prevalence, prognosis, testing, and management options for total health and wellness.Β 

[signup]

What Does High-Risk Pregnancy Mean?

A high-risk pregnancy may pose challenges to the health or life of the mother or her baby. This classification can be based on medical, surgical, obstetric, and lifestyle-related concerns.Β 

A complete medical history will be reviewed to assess maternal age (upon due date), pre-existing conditions, previous pregnancies, and history of those prior pregnancies and labors.Β 

Conditions such as preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and previous preterm births can place a pregnancy in the high-risk category. Other risk factors include maternal age, chronic diseases, and multiple pregnancies. Understanding these criteria helps in early identification and management of potential complications.

High-Risk Pregnancy by Age

Maternal age plays a significant role in the classification of high-risk pregnancies. Women over the age of 35 (also known as a geriatric pregnancy) may face a higher risk of complications such as high blood pressure, gestational diabetes, and chromosomal abnormalities like Down syndrome. (2)

On the other hand, teenage pregnancies also pose risks due to the potential for preterm labor, low birth weight, nutritional deficiencies, and mental and emotional support. (3, 55)

A woman's medical history and pre-existing chronic conditions can significantly impact her pregnancy. Conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, thyroid, and autoimmune diseases can lead to complications. Additionally, a history of pregnancy complications, including preterm birth, preeclampsia, and stillbirth, can increase the risk in subsequent pregnancies.

Lifestyle choices also contribute to high-risk pregnancy. Smoking, alcohol consumption, and substance use are linked to various complications, including preterm labor, low birth weight, and developmental issues for the baby. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including regular prenatal care and proper nutrition, is critical in managing and mitigating these risks.

Pregnancies involving twins, triplets, or higher-order multiples are inherently high-risk. These pregnancies are associated with an increased likelihood of preterm labor, gestational diabetes, and preeclampsia. Close monitoring and specialized care are essential to manage the complications that may arise from multiple pregnancies.

The content mentioned includes various conditions such as gestational diabetes, fetal growth restriction, and preeclampsia.Β 

Several medical conditions during pregnancy are classified as high-risk:

Gestational Diabetes: This condition can lead to high blood sugar levels that affect both the mother and baby. Managing blood sugar through diet, exercise, and medication is essential. (26)

Preeclampsia and Eclampsia: Characterized by hypertension and proteinuria (protein in the urine), preeclampsia can lead to severe complications if untreated. (33) Pregnancy shifts the balance of hemostatic factors toward coagulation and enhances platelet activation. (23) Periodontal disease and gingivitis are risk factors for preeclampsia. (23,39) Eclampsia includes seizures and requires immediate medical intervention.

Placenta Previa: This condition results when the placenta covers the cervix, leading to bleeding and complications during delivery. (25)

Preterm Labor and Birth: Delivering before 37 weeks of gestation can lead to various health issues for the baby, including respiratory problems and developmental delays. (25)

Pyelonephritis: Pregnancy generally increases the risk of urinary tract infection (UTI). A UTI can spread and cause pyelonephritis, a severe kidney infection associated with fever, chills, and flank pain (along the spine, abdominal, side, and lower back). (23)

Fetal Growth Restriction (Intrauterine Growth Restriction, IUGR): This condition indicates that the baby is not growing at the expected rate, leading to complications before and after birth. It is also associated with some autoimmune conditions. (24)Β 

The Role of the High-Risk Pregnancy Doctor

The prognosis for high-risk pregnancies varies depending on the specific conditions and how well they are managed. With proper care and monitoring, many high-risk pregnancies result in healthy outcomes for both mother and baby.Β 

However, it is essential to be aware of the potential for complications and to work closely with healthcare providers to manage risks. To address ongoing health concerns, long-term follow-up care may be necessary for both mother and baby.

IVF Pregnancy Considerations

Pregnancies conceived through in vitro fertilization (IVF) and other assisted reproductive technologies may carry their own set of considerations. These include a higher incidence of multiple pregnancies, preterm birth, and low birth weight. Monitoring and specialized care are necessary to address these potential complications.

Essential Lab Tests for High-Risk Pregnancies

Here are standard and specialized lab tests for high-risk pregnancies:

Standard Prenatal Lab Tests

  • Blood Tests (e.g., CBC, Blood Type): These tests should be run regardless of the type of provider you are working with. This is to ensure that the mother and baby are healthy and to assess evident nutritional deficiencies through the RBC.Β 
  • Urine Tests (protein, glucose levels): This test is done routinely at visits to assess conditions such as protein in the urine that may indicate kidney issues, preeclampsia, eclampsia, or other conditions. Glucose in the urine would suggest that the patient may have diabetes.Β 

Specialized Lab Tests for High-Risk Pregnancies

Specialized testing will depend on the pregnancy trimester:

First and Second Trimester Screening Tests

First and foremost, a provider will start with:

In addition, immunity testing will be conducted for:Β 

End of Second Trimester

Group B streptococcus may be transferred from the vaginal and rectum areas of the mother during labor and birth to the baby, which may cause severe illness or death of the baby. (2) Glucose testing for Gestational Diabetes.

Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT)

The NIPT blood test checks for fetal DNA in the mother's blood. It's ordered to determine whether the fetus is at risk for a chromosomal disorder and may be conducted from 10 weeks on. It is not a diagnostic test.Β 

An additional test must confirm or rule out the diagnosis if the results are abnormal. It is usually offered to pregnant women at higher risk due to age or if they have a history of birthing a baby with a chromosomal abnormality. (29)

Amniocentesis and Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

These tests check cells from the placenta to determine if they have a chromosomal abnormality (e.g., Down's syndrome). They can be conducted from weeks 10 to 13 and can definitively determine if a baby will be born with a specific chromosomal disorder.

Importance of Early and Regular Testing

Detection and management of complications early on are vital for the health and well-being of the mother and child. With early and regular testing, many complications may be mitigated or, at the very least, managed safely, and awareness of the circumstances may be brought to light so that there are fewer surprises.Β 

Additional Testing and Biomarkers in High-Risk Pregnancy

In certain cases, the following additional tests may be warranted:

Ultrasound and Imaging Tests

Fetal anatomy scans ensure that the baby is growing regularly and in rhythm, with all anatomical parts, such as fingers, toes, facial bones, and the spine, in place.Β 

Doppler ultrasound for blood flow measures the blood vessel flow of a pregnant person and unborn baby; it may also be used to explore the blood flow in the umbilical vein and arteries, brain, heart, and other organs. Typically, these are used at each visit to ensure the baby's heart is not beating abnormally and, consequently, to ensure there is still a beat if there should be any changes that seem abnormal.Β Β 

Biomarkers and Their Significance

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is produced by the liver and yolk sac of the baby and has no normal function in adults who are not pregnant. Abnormal levels increase with pregnancy, liver conditions, and certain cancers. (11)

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) This test is used to detect the beta subunit of HCG, providing a sensitive and specific test for the detection of early pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, or threatened abortion. (15)

Pregnancy-associated plasma Protein A (PAPP-A) is a hormone produced by the placenta that indicates the health of the placenta and baby. (58)

Monitoring for Specific Conditions

Preeclampsia: CBC, urinalysis, blood pressure, and impaired liver function. Symptoms may include headache, stomach pain, hyperreflexia, and vision changes.Β 

Gestational Diabetes: Oral glucose tolerance testing, hemoglobin A1C (frequently used to assess glucose control for the past three months), glucose testing (a screening test to detect diabetes mellitus, evaluate carbohydrate metabolism disorders including alcoholism acidosis, ketoacidosis, dehydration, coma, hypoglycemia, insulinoma, and neuroglycopenia) and oral glucose testing (OGT). (23)

Autoimmunity (e.g., thyroiditis, antiphospholipid syndrome): ANA with reflex to pattern and titer, rheumatoid factor (RF), thyroglobulin antibodies, and thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO). There are many markers depending on the symptom profile.

Managing High-Risk Pregnancy: Tips for Patients

Recognizing symptoms that may indicate a high-risk pregnancy is crucial for early intervention and management. Symptoms such as severe headaches, vision changes, significant swelling, pain, or decreased fetal movement warrant immediate medical attention.Β 

It is important to stress that if you sense something is wrong, even if you don't know what, consult your provider. Diagnostic tests and screenings, including ultrasounds, blood tests, and fetal monitoring, help identify and manage high-risk pregnancies.Β 

Regular prenatal visits allow healthcare providers to closely monitor the pregnancy and promptly address concerns.

A high-risk pregnancy has negative implications for the wellbeing, coping and psychopathology of the mother as often the mother may feel incapable, pessimistic, or a failure to her unborn child due to the diagnosis.Β 

Taking a holistic approach to care for her, providing her with necessary tools and wellbeing, and including a friend or partner for checkups is a valuable resource for the mom that helps her to navigate and have emotional support. (55)Β 

High-Risk Pregnancy Specialists

High-risk pregnancies often require the expertise of maternal-fetal medicine (MFM) specialists. These specialists are trained to manage complex pregnancies and collaborate with obstetricians, primary care providers, and other healthcare professionals to provide comprehensive care.Β 

The goal is to monitor the health of both mother and baby closely and to intervene as necessary to prevent or manage complications. Integrative Medicine and Alternative practitionersΒ 

Treatment and Monitoring

Management for high-risk pregnancies varies depending on the specific conditions and risks involved. This may include medication to manage conditions like gestational diabetes or hypertension, lifestyle modifications, and, in some cases, bed rest.Β 

Regular monitoring through ultrasounds, non-stress tests, and blood tests is essential to track the progress of the pregnancy and detect any potential issues early.

Lifestyle and Self-Care

A healthy lifestyle is crucial for managing a high-risk pregnancy. Proper hydration, eating a balanced diet that incorporates essential nutrients, and engaging in regular physical activity under the supervision of a healthcare provider are advised. (48) Avoiding harmful substances such as tobacco, alcohol, and recreational drugs is vital. Stress management techniques like prenatal yoga and meditation can also be beneficial.

[signup]

Key Takeaways

  • A high-risk pregnancy can be a challenging experience, but with the proper knowledge, support, and medical care, many mothers successfully navigate these challenges and deliver healthy babies.Β 
  • Regular prenatal visits, proper nutrition, and avoiding harmful substances can help mitigate risks and promote a healthy pregnancy.Β 
  • Prioritizing maternal and fetal health, staying informed about potential risks, recognizing symptoms, and following healthcare providers' recommendations are vital in managing high-risk pregnancies effectively.Β 
  • It is critical to stay informed, seek support, and collaborate with healthcare providers throughout the pregnancy journey.
  • Every pregnancy is unique. Personalized care ensures the best possible outcomes for both mother and child.

FAQs and Common Concerns

What is considered a high-risk pregnancy?

High-risk pregnancy involves factors or conditions that increase the risk of complications for the mother or baby.

Can you survive a high-risk pregnancy?

Many women with high-risk pregnancies have successful outcomes with proper care and management.

Can high-risk pregnancy be successful?

Yes, with appropriate medical care and monitoring, high-risk pregnancies can result in healthy deliveries.

What is a high-risk score in pregnancy?

A high-risk score indicates a higher likelihood of complications and the need for specialized care.

What does a high-risk pregnancy mean in the first trimester?

This means that pregnancy has factors that increase the risk of complications, requiring closer monitoring and care from the outset.

High-risk Pregnancy Dos and Don'ts

Dos:

  • Regular prenatal care
  • Following medical advice
  • Maintaining a healthy lifestyle

Don'ts:

  • Exposure to harmful substances
  • High-risk activities
The information in this article is designed for educational purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for informed medical advice or care. This information should not be used to diagnose or treat any health problems or illnesses without consulting a doctor. Consult with a health care practitioner before relying on any information in this article or on this website.

Learn more

No items found.

Lab Tests in This Article

No lab tests!
  1. Achuff, J. (2024, March 20). A Step Towards Health: Unveiling the Link Between Daily Steps, Sedentary Time, and Longevity. Rupa Health. Retrieved August 28, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-step-towards-health-unveiling-the-link-between-daily-steps-sedentary-time-and-longevity
  2. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2024, April). Routine Tests During Pregnancy. ACOG. Retrieved August 14, 2024, from https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/routine-tests-during-pregnancy
  3. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). (n.d.). Pregnancy at Age 35 Years or Older. ACOG. Retrieved July 28, 2024, from https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/obstetric-care-consensus/articles/2022/08/pregnancy-at-age-35-years-or-older
  4. American Pregnancy Association. (n.d.). Teen Pregnancy Issues and Challenges. American Pregnancy Association. Retrieved July 28, 2024, from https://americanpregnancy.org/unplanned-pregnancy/teen-pregnancy-issues-challenges/
  5. Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis. (n.d.). NCBI. Retrieved August 24, 2024, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6483702/
  6. Antinuclear Antibodies. (n.d.). Rupa Health. Retrieved August 28, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/biomarkers/antinuclear-antibodies
  7. Cloyd, J. (2023, July 13). A Functional Medicine UTI Protocol: Specialized Testing, Therapeutic Diet, and Supplements. Rupa Health. Retrieved August 24, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-uti-protocol-specialized-testing-therapeutic-diet-and-supplements
  8. Cloyd, J. (2023, September 8). Top Labs To Run Bi-Annually On Your Patients Who Suffer From Hepatitis. Rupa Health. Retrieved August 28, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/post/top-labs-to-run-bi-annually-on-your-patients-who-suffer-from-hepatitis
  9. Cloyd, J. (2023, October 25). How To Interpret Your Rheumatoid Factor Test Results. Rupa Health. Retrieved August 28, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/post/how-to-interpret-your-rheumatoid-factor-test-results
  10. Cloyd, J. (2023, October 27). Macro and Micronutrients Uncovered: Understanding Their Role, Deficiencies, and Clinical Relevance. Rupa Health. Retrieved August 24, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/post/macro-and-micronutrients-uncovered-understanding-their-role-deficiencies-and-clinical-relevance
  11. Cloyd, J. (2023, December 1). How to Interpret CBC Results: A Comprehensive Guide. Rupa Health. Retrieved August 28, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/post/how-to-interpret-cbc-results-a-comprehensive-guide
  12. Cloyd, J. (2024, January 8). The Science of Hydration: How Water Intake Affects Overall Health. Rupa Health. Retrieved August 28, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/post/the-science-of-hydration-how-water-intake-affects-overall-health
  13. Cloyd, J. (2024, January 24). The Value of Urinalysis in Functional Medicine: A Tool for Comprehensive Health Assessment. Rupa Health. Retrieved August 24, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/post/the-value-of-urinalysis-in-functional-medicine-a-tool-for-comprehensive-health-assessment
  14. Cloyd, K. (2023, October 4). The Role of Integrative Medicine For High-Risk Pregnancy Management. Rupa Health. Retrieved July 28, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/post/the-role-of-integrative-medicine-for-high-risk-pregnancy-management
  15. Comprehensive Guide to the CBC w/ diff. & platelets. (n.d.). Rupa Health. Retrieved August 24, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/labs/comprehensive-guide-to-the-cbc-w-diff-platelets
  16. Cytomegalovirus. (n.d.). Rupa Health. Retrieved August 24, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/biomarkers/cytomegalovirus
  17. Definition of alpha-fetoprotein - NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms - NCI. (n.d.). National Cancer Institute. Retrieved August 4, 2024, from https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/alpha-fetoprotein
  18. DePorto, T. (2023, January 10). What Happens to Our Bodies When We Quit Smoking: A Timeline. Rupa Health. Retrieved August 24, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/post/what-happens-to-our-bodies-when-we-quit-smoking-a-timeline
  19. Glucose. (n.d.). Rupa Health. Retrieved August 28, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/biomarkers/glucose
  20. Hemoglobin A1C. (n.d.). Rupa Health. Retrieved August 28, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/biomarkers/hba1c
  21. Hudson, T. (2008). Women's Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine: Alternative Therapies and Integrative medicine for Total Health and Wellness. McGraw Hill Companies. 10.1036/0071464735
  22. Infection Testing. (n.d.). Rupa Health. Retrieved August 24, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/health-categories/infection
  23. Life Extension. (2013). Disease Prevention and Treatment (B. Gossard, C. Lea, M. Segala, & L. Feldman, Eds.; fifth ed.). Life Extension. Print.
  24. Merck Manual & Balest, A. L. (2023, November). Small-for-Gestational-Age (SGA) Infant - Small-for-Gestational-Age (SGA) Infant - Merck Manual Professional Edition. Merck Manuals. Retrieved August 4, 2024, from https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/perinatal-problems/small-for-gestational-age-sga-infant
  25. Merck Manual & Dulay, MD, A. T. (2024, March). Placenta Previa. Merck Manual Professional Version. Retrieved 08 04, 2024, from https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/antenatal-complications/placenta-previa
  26. Merck Manual & Friel, MD, PhD, L. A. (2023, Feb). Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy. Merck Manual Professional Version. Retrieved 08 04, 2024, from https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/pregnancy-complicated-by-disease/diabetes-mellitus-in-pregnancy
  27. Murray, P. R., Rosenthal, K. S., & Pfaller, M. A. (2009). Medical Microbiology. Mosby/Elsevier.
  28. Neibling, K. (2023, April 26). Complementary and Integrative Medicine Treatments for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease. Rupa Health. Retrieved August 24, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/post/complementary-and-integrative-medicine-treatments-for-hypertension-and-cardiovascular-disease
  29. Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT): Reliability, Challenges, and Future Directions. (2023, August 2). NCBI. Retrieved August 24, 2024, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10417786/
  30. Pregnancy & Prenatal Care Testing. (n.d.). Rupa Health. Retrieved August 24, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/health-categories/pregnancy-prenatal-care
  31. Preston, J. (2023, July 3). Integrative Medicine and Gestational Diabetes: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Management. Rupa Health. Retrieved August 24, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/post/integrative-medicine-and-gestational-diabetes-a-multidisciplinary-approach-to-management
  32. Preston, J. (2023, July 11). Integrative Medicine and Preterm Labor: A Holistic Approach to Reducing Risk. Rupa Health. Retrieved July 28, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/post/integrative-medicine-and-preterm-labor-a-holistic-approach-to-reducing-risk
  33. Preston, J. (2023, July 20). An Integrative Comprehensive Approach to Preeclampsia: Risk Factors and Preventative Lab Testing. Rupa Health. Retrieved July 28, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/post/an-integrative-comprehensive-approach-to-preeclampsia-risk-factors-and-preventative-lab-testing
  34. Rapid Plasma Reagin Screen. (n.d.). Rupa Health. Retrieved August 24, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/biomarkers/rapid-plasma-reagin-screen
  35. Red Blood Cells. (n.d.). Rupa Health. Retrieved August 24, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/biomarkers/rbc
  36. Romm, A. J. (2010). Botanical Medicine for Women's Health. Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.
  37. Rubella IgG. (n.d.). Rupa Health. Retrieved August 24, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/biomarkers/rubella-igg
  38. Rupa Health. (n.d.). Alpha-fetoprotein. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/biomarkers/alpha-fetoprotein
  39. RupaHealth. (n.d.). Autoimmune markers. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/health-categories/autoimmune
  40. Rupa Health. (n.d.). Herpes Simplex Virus 1+2 IgG.
  41. Rupa Health. (n.d.). Human Chorionic Gonadotropin. Rupa Health. Retrieved August 24, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/biomarkers/human-chorionic-gonadotropin
  42. Rupa Health. (n.d.). Measles IgG. Rupa Health. Retrieved August 24, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/biomarkers/measles-igg
  43. Rupa Health. (n.d.). Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A. Rupa Health. Retrieved August 24, 2024, from Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A
  44. RupaHealth. (n.d.). TB1 Antigen. Rupa Health. Retrieved August 24, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/biomarkers/tb1-antigen
  45. Rupa Health. (n.d.). Thyroid Testing. Rupa Health. Retrieved August 20, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/health-categories/thyroid
  46. Rupa Health. (n.d.). Toxoplasma IgG. Rupa Health. Retrieved August 24, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/biomarkers/toxoplasma-igg
  47. Shetty, M., Kumar Shetty, P., Ramesh, A., Thomas, B., Prabhu, S., & Rao, A. (n.d.). Periodontal Disease in pregnancy is a risk factor for preeclampsia. Retrieved July 28, 2024, from https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/00016341003623738
  48. Stabile, J. F. (2024, May 31). Healthy Weight Gain in Pregnancy, the Role of Diet and Exercise. Rupa Health. Retrieved July 28, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/post/healthy-weight-gain-in-pregnancy-the-role-of-diet-and-exercise
  49. Teeter, L. A. (2023, April 19). Natural Ways to Increase Fertility Through Complementary and Integrative Medicine. Rupa Health. Retrieved July 28, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/post/natural-ways-to-increase-fertility-through-complementary-and-integrative-medicine
  50. Teeter, L. A. (2023, May 2). An Integrative and Functional Nutrition Approach to Substance Abuse and Recovery. Rupa Health. Retrieved August 24, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/post/an-integrative-and-functional-nutrition-approach-to-substance-abuse-and-recovery
  51. Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies. (n.d.). Rupa Health. Retrieved August 28, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/biomarkers/anti-tpo
  52. Varicella Zoster IgG. (n.d.). Rupa Health. Retrieved August 24, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/biomarkers/varicella-zoster-igg
  53. Waldfogel, M. P. (2024, January 19). Beyond Dry January - How to Help Patients Reduce or Eliminate Alcohol Consumption. Rupa Health. Retrieved August 24, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/post/beyond-dry-january---how-to-help-patients-reduce-or-eliminate-alcohol-consumption
  54. White, B. A., & Porterfield, S. P. (Eds.). (2013). Endocrine and Reproductive Physiology. Elsevier/Mosby.
  55. Williamson, S. P., Moffit, R. L., Broadbent, J., Neumann, D. L., & Hamblin, P. S. (2023, January). Coping, wellbeing and psychopathology during high-risk pregnancy: A systematic review. Midwifery, 116, 103556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2022.103556
  56. Yoshimura, H. (2023, August 23). A Functional Medicine Approach to Placenta Previa. Rupa Health. Retrieved August 28, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/post/an-integrative-and-complementary-approach-to-placenta-previa
  57. Yoshimura, H. (2023, October 12). An Integrative and Complementary Approach to Hepatitis C. Rupa Health. Retrieved August 24, 2024, from https://www.rupahealth.com/post/an-integrative-and-complementary-approach-to-hepatitis-c
  58. Zima, T. (2014). Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) and preeclampsia. PubMed. Retrieved August 4, 2024, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24783354/
Order from 30+ labs in 20 seconds (DUTCH, Mosaic, Genova & More!)
We make ordering quick and painless β€” and best of all, it's free for practitioners.

Latest Articles

View more on Women's Health
Subscribe to the magazine for expert-written articles straight to your inbox
Join the thousands of savvy readers who get root cause medicine articles written by doctors in their inbox every week!
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Are you a healthcare practitioner?
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Subscribe to the Magazine for free to keep reading!
Subscribe for free to keep reading, If you are already subscribed, enter your email address to log back in.
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Are you a healthcare practitioner?
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Trusted Source
Rupa Health
Medical Education Platform
Visit Source
Visit Source
American Cancer Society
Foundation for Cancer Research
Visit Source
Visit Source
National Library of Medicine
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
Journal of The American College of Radiology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
National Cancer Institute
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
World Health Organization (WHO)
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of Pediatrics
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
CDC
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
Office of Dietary Supplements
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
National Heart Lung and Blood Institute
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
National Institutes of Health
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
Clinical Infectious Diseases
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Brain
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of Rheumatology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Journal of the National Cancer Institute (JNCI)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Hepatology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Kidney International
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Annals of Surgery
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Chest
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Blood
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Gastroenterology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The American Journal of Psychiatry
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Diabetes Care
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of Clinical Oncology (JCO)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Journal of Clinical Investigation (JCI)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Circulation
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
JAMA Internal Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
PLOS Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Annals of Internal Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Nature Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The BMJ (British Medical Journal)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Lancet
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Pubmed
Comprehensive biomedical database
Visit Source
Visit Source
Harvard
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
Visit Source
Cleveland Clinic
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
Visit Source
Mayo Clinic
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
Visit Source
The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Johns Hopkins
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
Visit Source

Hey practitioners! πŸ‘‹ Join Dr. Chris Magryta and Dr. Erik Lundquist for a comprehensive 6-week course on evaluating functional medicine labs from two perspectives: adult and pediatric. In this course, you’ll explore the convergence of lab results across different diseases and age groups, understanding how human lab values vary on a continuum influenced by age, genetics, and time. Register Here! Register Here.

Hey practitioners! πŸ‘‹ Join Dr. Terry Wahls for a 3-week bootcamp on integrating functional medicine into conventional practice, focusing on complex cases like Multiple Sclerosis. Learn to analyze labs through a functional lens, perform nutrition-focused physical exams, and develop personalized care strategies. Register Here.