Cardiology
|
December 4, 2023

Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Health: A Functional Medicine Guide

Medically Reviewed by
Updated On
September 18, 2024

One person dies every 33 seconds in the United States from cardiovascular disease. Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. (19) It doesn't need to be this way; heart disease is often considered preventable because many of its risk factors, clearly defined in scientific evidence, are associated with lifestyle choices and behaviors.Β 

Interested in making proactive changes to prevent cardiovascular disease? Using omega-3 fatty acids for heart health may be one good place to start.

[signup]

What Are Omega-3 Fatty Acids?

Omega-3 fatty acids are a group of essential polyunsaturated fats that play a crucial role in maintaining overall health. These fatty acids are classified into different types, with the primary ones being eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). EPA and DHA are found naturally in fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, and tuna, as well as in fish oil supplements. On the other hand, ALA is predominantly present in plant-based sources such as flaxseeds, chia seeds, and walnuts. While ALA is a precursor to EPA and DHA, the conversion rate in the body is limited, making direct consumption of EPA and DHA-rich foods or supplements essential for obtaining optimal levels. (10, 12)

Omega-3s and Cardiovascular Health

Epidemiological studies dating back to the 1970s have observed notably low rates of cardiovascular events in populations with high fish consumption. Subsequent research has continued to corroborate these findings, and the benefits of omega-3 fatty acids, specifically EPA and DHA, for heart health are now well-established. (28)Β 

Omega-3 fatty acids exert several key mechanisms of action that support cardiovascular function and prevent cardiovascular diseases. Firstly, omega-3 fatty acids reduce inflammation by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory molecules and promoting the synthesis of anti-inflammatory compounds, thereby modulating immune responses and contributing to overall inflammatory balance (33). This anti-inflammatory effect is crucial to heart health, as chronic inflammation is closely linked to the development and progression of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular conditions. In people with high cardiovascular risk, consuming high levels of omega-3 fatty acids from oily fish results in modest reductions of hs-CRP, an inflammatory protein positively associated with cardiovascular risk.

The evidence so strongly supports omega-3 fatty acids' ability to reduce triglycerides that the FDA has approved prescription omega-3 fatty acid medications for treating hypertriglyceridemia. Triglycerides are a type of fat (lipid) that can cause acute inflammation and contribute to the hardening and thickening of arterial walls, increasing the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and related events. Omega-3s are thought to lower triglycerides primarily by decreasing the secretion of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) from the liver. The REDUCE-IT trial showcased a substantial decrease in triglyceride levels in response to high-dose EPA supplementation. More importantly, this translated to a significant reduction in cardiovascular events by 25% and cardiovascular death by 20%.Β 

Functional Medicine Approach to Omega-3 SupplementationΒ 

Functional medicine approaches supplementation with a holistic perspective, emphasizing an individualized and root-cause-oriented strategy to support overall health and well-being. In this paradigm, the goal is not merely to address symptoms but to identify and address the underlying imbalances that may contribute to health issues. Supplementation is viewed as a targeted intervention guided by thorough assessments of an individual's health status, lifestyle, and nutritional needs.

Inflammation and oxidative stress are known drivers of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, as potent anti-inflammatory molecules, omega-3 fatty acids are recognized as essential components for preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases. Based on a comprehensive medical intake and laboratory assessment, healthcare practitioners may conclude that omega-3 fatty acid supplements are beneficial to address nutritional deficiencies, optimize cardiovascular function, and reduce cardiovascular risk.

The pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease is a multifaceted process influenced by a range of factors beyond omega-3 status alone. A holistic approach to heart health emphasizes the interconnected nature of various factors, including dietary choices, exercise, sleep, stress, and comorbid conditions. Each of these elements contributes to cardiovascular well-being, and their synergistic integration is vital for a more robust preventive strategy. Omega-3 supplementation, when incorporated into this broader health plan, complements the overall objective of mitigating cardiovascular risk factors.

Functional Medicine Lab Testing for Omega-3 Levels

Integrating lab testing for omega-3 levels can be an important aspect of preventive cardiovascular healthcare. These tests require a simple blood draw to measure the levels of omega-3s in the blood to indicate whether an individual is getting an adequate amount of omega-3s from their diet or if supplementation is necessary. Moreover, monitoring omega-3 therapy through repeated lab testing assesses the efficacy of supplementation over time and helps healthcare providers adjust the dosage or modify dietary recommendations accordingly. This targeted approach allows for precise recommendations based on individual needs rather than a one-size-fits-all approach.

Plasma Essential Fatty Acids

Plasma omega fatty acids tests, such as the Omega-3 and -6 Fatty Acids panel by Access Medical Laboratories, are valuable tools in determining an individual's omega-3 status by measuring the levels of specific fatty acids in the blood. These tests provide insights into the immediate and recent intake of omega-3 fatty acids, offering a snapshot of the individual's dietary habits and potential nutritional deficiencies. Lower levels may indicate a need for dietary adjustments or targeted omega-3 supplementation.Β 

Omega-3 Index

The Omega-3 Index Complete by Ayumetrix measures the amount of EPA and DHA in red blood cell membranes. The omega-3 index offers a more accurate reflection of long-term omega-3 intake (weeks to months) compared to measuring levels in plasma or serum, which can fluctuate based on recent dietary intake. A higher omega-3 index, ideally over 8%, is associated with a reduced risk of heart disease.Β 

Dietary Strategies for Optimizing Omega-3 Intake

To naturally increase omega-3 intake, individuals can incorporate various foods rich in omega-3s into their diet. Fatty fish such as salmon, mackerel, sardines, and anchovies are high in omega-3 fatty acids. The American Heart Association recommends eating at least two servings (3 ounces cooked or ΒΎ cup flaked) of fatty fish per week. Grilled or baked preparations are healthier alternatives to fried options. (15)Β 

For ALA, consider including plant-based sources such as flaxseeds, chia seeds, hemp seeds, and walnuts in your meals and snacks (35). Adding these to yogurt, smoothies, salads, or oatmeal can be a tasty and convenient way to boost ALA intake.Β 

Incorporate omega-3-rich oils into your cooking routine. Use flaxseed oil for salad dressings or drizzle over-cooked vegetables to enhance both flavor and nutritional value.

If you're not a fan of fish, consider omega-3-enriched foods such as fortified eggs or dairy products. These products are supplemented with omega-3s and can be a suitable option for those with dietary restrictions.

When planning meals, focus on a balanced and heart-healthy diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. Limit the intake of saturated and trans fats, added sugars, and processed foods, opting for healthier cooking methods like grilling, baking, or steaming. Making dietary changes can feel overwhelming, so establishing care with a functional nutritionist can help navigate dietary intricacies related to omega-3 intake and a balanced, healthy diet.Β 

While obtaining nutrients from whole foods is ideal, supplements may be recommended in certain situations to meet specific health goals. It is always advised to consult with a healthcare professional before making significant dietary changes, especially if considering omega-3 supplements.

Managing and Preventing Cardiovascular Disease with Omega-3sΒ 

Scientific research consistently supports the role of omega-3 fatty acids in both managing existing cardiovascular disease and preventing potential heart-related issues. Numerous studies have demonstrated the cardiovascular benefits of omega-3s, particularly EPA and DHA. The GISSI-Prevenzione trial, for instance, found that omega-3 supplementation significantly reduced the risk of major cardiovascular events, including death, in individuals with a history of heart attacks.

In managing existing cardiovascular disease, omega-3s exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-arrhythmic properties, improving cardiac function. The REDUCE-IT trial, focusing on supplemental high-dose EPA, showed a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in individuals with elevated triglyceride levels.

For prevention, the American Heart Association recommends consuming fatty fish at least twice a week as part of a heart-healthy diet. The DART (Diet and Reinfarction Trial) study suggested regular fatty fish consumption could reduce the risk of recurrent heart attacks. Additionally, the Nurses' Health Study revealed an inverse relationship between omega-3 intake and the risk of coronary heart disease in women.

Integrating omega-3s into a cardiovascular disease management plan involves dietary modifications and supplementation. The ORIGIN trial emphasized the potential benefits of omega-3 supplementation in individuals with diabetes or impaired glucose metabolism. Combining omega-3s with other components of a heart-healthy lifestyle, such as exercise and stress management, enhances the overall effectiveness of cardiovascular disease prevention.

Potential Risks and Considerations

While omega-3 supplements are generally considered safe in combined EPA and DHA doses of 3 grams per day or less for most people, some potential risks and considerations should not be overlooked. One concern is the risk of bleeding, as omega-3 fatty acids have blood-thinning properties, and older research suggests that doses greater than 3 grams daily can potentially increase bleeding risk. While more recent and up-to-date evidence shows that daily fish oil does not affect blood clotting parameters, it is still advised for patients with clotting disorders or on anticoagulant medications to speak to a healthcare provider before taking omega-3 supplements.Β 

Mild side effects of omega-3 supplements have been reported, including unpleasant taste, diarrhea, indigestion, and headache (10).Β Β 

Additionally, the quality and purity of supplements vary, and there is a risk of exposure to contaminants such as mercury in fish oil supplements. Choosing high-quality, third-party-tested supplements can mitigate this risk.

It is paramount to consult with healthcare providers before initiating omega-3 supplementation, especially for those with pre-existing health conditions or individuals taking medications. Healthcare professionals can provide personalized advice based on individual health status, ensuring supplementation is safe and aligns with overall health goals.Β 

[signup]

Omega-3 and Heart Health: Key Takeaways

Embracing omega-3s is one aspect of a comprehensive and holistic approach to heart health. Scientific evidence overwhelmingly supports the use of omega-3 fatty acids to manage and prevent cardiovascular disease. The functional medicine approach underscores the importance of optimizing omega-3 intake through a holistic strategy involving personalized assessments guided by professional advice. Incorporating fatty fish, nuts, seeds, and high-quality supplements into a heart-healthy lifestyle can enhance overall cardiovascular health.Β 

One person dies every 33 seconds in the United States from cardiovascular disease. Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. (19) It doesn't need to be this way; heart disease is often considered preventable because many of its risk factors, clearly defined in scientific evidence, are associated with lifestyle choices and behaviors.Β 

Interested in making proactive changes to support cardiovascular health? Using omega-3 fatty acids for heart health may be one good place to start.

[signup]

What Are Omega-3 Fatty Acids?

Omega-3 fatty acids are a group of essential polyunsaturated fats that play a crucial role in maintaining overall health. These fatty acids are classified into different types, with the primary ones being eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). EPA and DHA are found naturally in fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, and tuna, as well as in fish oil supplements. On the other hand, ALA is predominantly present in plant-based sources such as flaxseeds, chia seeds, and walnuts. While ALA is a precursor to EPA and DHA, the conversion rate in the body is limited, making direct consumption of EPA and DHA-rich foods or supplements beneficial for obtaining optimal levels. (10, 12)

Omega-3s and Cardiovascular Health

Epidemiological studies dating back to the 1970s have observed notably low rates of cardiovascular events in populations with high fish consumption. Subsequent research has continued to support these findings, and the benefits of omega-3 fatty acids, specifically EPA and DHA, for heart health are now well-recognized. (28)Β 

Omega-3 fatty acids exert several key mechanisms of action that support cardiovascular function. Firstly, omega-3 fatty acids may help reduce inflammation by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory molecules and promoting the synthesis of anti-inflammatory compounds, thereby modulating immune responses and contributing to overall inflammatory balance (33). This anti-inflammatory effect is important for heart health, as chronic inflammation is closely linked to the development and progression of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular conditions. In people with high cardiovascular risk, consuming high levels of omega-3 fatty acids from oily fish may result in modest reductions of hs-CRP, an inflammatory protein positively associated with cardiovascular risk.

The evidence supports omega-3 fatty acids' ability to help manage triglyceride levels, and the FDA has approved prescription omega-3 fatty acid medications for managing hypertriglyceridemia. Triglycerides are a type of fat (lipid) that can cause acute inflammation and contribute to the hardening and thickening of arterial walls, increasing the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and related events. Omega-3s are thought to help manage triglycerides primarily by decreasing the secretion of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) from the liver. The REDUCE-IT trial showcased a substantial decrease in triglyceride levels in response to high-dose EPA supplementation. More importantly, this translated to a significant reduction in cardiovascular events by 25% and cardiovascular death by 20%.Β 

Functional Medicine Approach to Omega-3 SupplementationΒ 

Functional medicine approaches supplementation with a holistic perspective, emphasizing an individualized and root-cause-oriented strategy to support overall health and well-being. In this paradigm, the goal is not merely to address symptoms but to identify and address the underlying imbalances that may contribute to health issues. Supplementation is viewed as a targeted intervention guided by thorough assessments of an individual's health status, lifestyle, and nutritional needs.

Inflammation and oxidative stress are known drivers of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, as potent anti-inflammatory molecules, omega-3 fatty acids are recognized as essential components for supporting cardiovascular health. Based on a comprehensive medical intake and laboratory assessment, healthcare practitioners may conclude that omega-3 fatty acid supplements are beneficial to address nutritional deficiencies, optimize cardiovascular function, and support cardiovascular health.

The pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease is a multifaceted process influenced by a range of factors beyond omega-3 status alone. A holistic approach to heart health emphasizes the interconnected nature of various factors, including dietary choices, exercise, sleep, stress, and comorbid conditions. Each of these elements contributes to cardiovascular well-being, and their synergistic integration is vital for a more robust preventive strategy. Omega-3 supplementation, when incorporated into this broader health plan, complements the overall objective of supporting cardiovascular health.

Functional Medicine Lab Testing for Omega-3 Levels

Integrating lab testing for omega-3 levels can be an important aspect of preventive cardiovascular healthcare. These tests require a simple blood draw to measure the levels of omega-3s in the blood to indicate whether an individual is getting an adequate amount of omega-3s from their diet or if supplementation is necessary. Moreover, monitoring omega-3 therapy through repeated lab testing assesses the efficacy of supplementation over time and helps healthcare providers adjust the dosage or modify dietary recommendations accordingly. This targeted approach allows for precise recommendations based on individual needs rather than a one-size-fits-all approach.

Plasma Essential Fatty Acids

Plasma omega fatty acids tests, such as the Omega-3 and -6 Fatty Acids panel by Access Medical Laboratories, are valuable tools in determining an individual's omega-3 status by measuring the levels of specific fatty acids in the blood. These tests provide insights into the immediate and recent intake of omega-3 fatty acids, offering a snapshot of the individual's dietary habits and potential nutritional deficiencies. Lower levels may indicate a need for dietary adjustments or targeted omega-3 supplementation.Β 

Omega-3 Index

The Omega-3 Index Complete by Ayumetrix measures the amount of EPA and DHA in red blood cell membranes. The omega-3 index offers a more accurate reflection of long-term omega-3 intake (weeks to months) compared to measuring levels in plasma or serum, which can fluctuate based on recent dietary intake. A higher omega-3 index, ideally over 8%, is associated with a reduced risk of heart disease.Β 

Dietary Strategies for Optimizing Omega-3 Intake

To naturally increase omega-3 intake, individuals can incorporate various foods rich in omega-3s into their diet. Fatty fish such as salmon, mackerel, sardines, and anchovies are high in omega-3 fatty acids. The American Heart Association recommends eating at least two servings (3 ounces cooked or ΒΎ cup flaked) of fatty fish per week. Grilled or baked preparations are healthier alternatives to fried options. (15)Β 

For ALA, consider including plant-based sources such as flaxseeds, chia seeds, hemp seeds, and walnuts in your meals and snacks (35). Adding these to yogurt, smoothies, salads, or oatmeal can be a tasty and convenient way to boost ALA intake.Β 

Incorporate omega-3-rich oils into your cooking routine. Use flaxseed oil for salad dressings or drizzle over-cooked vegetables to enhance both flavor and nutritional value.

If you're not a fan of fish, consider omega-3-enriched foods such as fortified eggs or dairy products. These products are supplemented with omega-3s and can be a suitable option for those with dietary restrictions.

When planning meals, focus on a balanced and heart-healthy diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. Limit the intake of saturated and trans fats, added sugars, and processed foods, opting for healthier cooking methods like grilling, baking, or steaming. Making dietary changes can feel overwhelming, so establishing care with a functional nutritionist can help navigate dietary intricacies related to omega-3 intake and a balanced, healthy diet.Β 

While obtaining nutrients from whole foods is ideal, supplements may be recommended in certain situations to meet specific health goals. It is always advised to consult with a healthcare professional before making significant dietary changes, especially if considering omega-3 supplements.

Managing and Supporting Cardiovascular Health with Omega-3sΒ 

Scientific research consistently supports the role of omega-3 fatty acids in both managing existing cardiovascular health and supporting heart-related wellness. Numerous studies have demonstrated the cardiovascular benefits of omega-3s, particularly EPA and DHA. The GISSI-Prevenzione trial, for instance, found that omega-3 supplementation significantly supported cardiovascular health in individuals with a history of heart attacks.

In managing existing cardiovascular health, omega-3s exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-arrhythmic properties, supporting cardiac function. The REDUCE-IT trial, focusing on supplemental high-dose EPA, showed a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in individuals with elevated triglyceride levels.

For prevention, the American Heart Association recommends consuming fatty fish at least twice a week as part of a heart-healthy diet. The DART (Diet and Reinfarction Trial) study suggested regular fatty fish consumption could support heart health. Additionally, the Nurses' Health Study revealed an inverse relationship between omega-3 intake and the risk of coronary heart disease in women.

Integrating omega-3s into a cardiovascular health management plan involves dietary modifications and supplementation. The ORIGIN trial emphasized the potential benefits of omega-3 supplementation in individuals with diabetes or impaired glucose metabolism. Combining omega-3s with other components of a heart-healthy lifestyle, such as exercise and stress management, enhances the overall effectiveness of cardiovascular health support.

Potential Risks and Considerations

While omega-3 supplements are generally considered safe in combined EPA and DHA doses of 3 grams per day or less for most people, some potential risks and considerations should not be overlooked. One concern is the risk of bleeding, as omega-3 fatty acids have blood-thinning properties, and older research suggests that doses greater than 3 grams daily can potentially increase bleeding risk. While more recent and up-to-date evidence shows that daily fish oil does not affect blood clotting parameters, it is still advised for patients with clotting disorders or on anticoagulant medications to speak to a healthcare provider before taking omega-3 supplements.Β 

Mild side effects of omega-3 supplements have been reported, including unpleasant taste, diarrhea, indigestion, and headache (10).Β Β 

Additionally, the quality and purity of supplements vary, and there is a risk of exposure to contaminants such as mercury in fish oil supplements. Choosing high-quality, third-party-tested supplements can mitigate this risk.

It is paramount to consult with healthcare providers before initiating omega-3 supplementation, especially for those with pre-existing health conditions or individuals taking medications. Healthcare professionals can provide personalized advice based on individual health status, ensuring supplementation is safe and aligns with overall health goals.Β 

[signup]

Omega-3 and Heart Health: Key Takeaways

Embracing omega-3s is one aspect of a comprehensive and holistic approach to heart health. Scientific evidence supports the use of omega-3 fatty acids to support cardiovascular health. The functional medicine approach underscores the importance of optimizing omega-3 intake through a holistic strategy involving personalized assessments guided by professional advice. Incorporating fatty fish, nuts, seeds, and high-quality supplements into a heart-healthy lifestyle can enhance overall cardiovascular health.Β 

The information in this article is designed for educational purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for informed medical advice or care. This information should not be used to diagnose or treat any health problems or illnesses without consulting a doctor. Consult with a health care practitioner before relying on any information in this article or on this website.

Learn more

No items found.

Lab Tests in This Article

  1. American Heart Association News. (2019, August 19). Prescription omega-3 medications work for high triglycerides, advisory says. American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/news/2019/08/19/prescription-omega3-medications-work-for-high-triglycerides-advisory-says
  2. Anderson, S. (2022, May 19). 6 Preventable Risk Factors Associated With Heart Attacks. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/5-things-to-do-after-a-heart-attack
  3. Bhatt, D. L., Steg, P. G., Miller, M., et al. (2019). Cardiovascular Risk Reduction with Icosapent Ethyl for Hypertriglyceridemia. New England Journal of Medicine, 380(1), 11–22. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1812792
  4. Blake, K. (2023, April 28). What Is a Heart Healthy Diet and Who Should Follow One? Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/what-is-a-heart-healthy-diet-and-who-should-follow-one
  5. Bornfeldt, K. E. (2021). Triglyceride lowering by omega-3 fatty acids: a mechanism mediated by N-acyl taurines. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 131(6). https://doi.org/10.1172/jci147558
  6. Burr, M. L., Gilbert, J. F., Holliday, R. M., et al. (1989). EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN FAT, FISH, AND FIBRE INTAKES ON DEATH AND MYOCARDIAL REINFARCTION: DIET AND REINFARCTION TRIAL (DART). The Lancet, 334(8666), 757–761. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90828-3
  7. Cloyd, J. (2023, April 28). What is the Difference Between Medical-Grade Supplements and Over-the-Counter Supplements? Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/what-is-the-difference-between-medical-grade-supplements-and-over-the-counter-supplements
  8. Cloyd, J. (2023, May 17). The Role Of Nutrition And Dietary Supplements In Preventing And Managing Cardiovascular Disease. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/the-role-of-nutrition-and-dietary-supplements-in-preventing-and-managing-cardiovascular-disease
  9. Cloyd, J. (2023, July 3). The Role of Physical Activity in Promoting Heart Health. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/the-role-of-physical-activity-and-exercise-in-promoting-heart-health-including-the-use-of-alternative-exercise-modalities-such-as-tai-chi-and-qigong
  10. Cloyd, J. (2023, October 18). The 6 Most Important Uses of Omega-3s For Your Health. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/the-6-most-important-uses-of-omega-3s-for-your-health
  11. Costabile, G., Della Pepa, G. D., Vetrani, C., et al. (2021). An Oily Fish Diet Improves Subclinical Inflammation in People at High Cardiovascular Risk: A Randomized Controlled Study. Molecules, 26(11), 3369. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113369
  12. DePorto, T. (2023, January 6). Omega 3's: The Superfood Nutrient You Need To Know About. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/omega-3s-the-superfood-nutrient-you-need-to-know-about
  13. DePorto, T. (2023, January 24). How to Become a Functional Nutritionist: One of The Fastest Growing Nutrition Career Fields. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/how-to-become-a-functional-nutritionist-one-of-the-fastest-growing-career-fields
  14. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. (1999). The Lancet, 354(9177), 447–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(99)07072-5
  15. Fish and Omega-3 Fatty Acids. (2021, November 1). American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/eat-smart/fats/fish-and-omega-3-fatty-acids
  16. Foran, S. E., Flood, J. G., & Lewandrowski, K. B. (2003). Measurement of Mercury Levels in Concentrated Over-the-Counter Fish Oil Preparations: Is Fish Oil Healthier Than Fish? Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 127(12), 1603–1605. https://doi.org/10.5858/2003-127-1603-momlic
  17. Harris, W. S. (2007). Expert Opinion: Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Bleedingβ€”Cause for Concern? The American Journal of Cardiology, 99(6), S44–S46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.11.021
  18. Harris, W. S. (2010). The omega-3 index: clinical utility for therapeutic intervention. Current Cardiology Reports, 12(6), 503–508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-010-0141-6
  19. Heart Disease Facts. (2023, May 15). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/facts.htm
  20. Hu, F. B. (2002). Fish and Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women. JAMA, 287(14), 1815. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.287.14.1815
  21. Jeansen, S., Witkamp, R. F., Garthoff, J. A., et al. (2018). Fish oil LC-PUFAs do not affect blood coagulation parameters and bleeding manifestations: Analysis of 8 clinical studies with selected patient groups on omega-3-enriched medical nutrition. Clinical Nutrition, 37(3), 948–957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2017.03.027
  22. Khakham, C. (2023, April 6). Understanding Your Risk of Cardiovascular Disease With Functional Medicine Labs. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/understanding-your-risk-of-cardiovascular-disease-with-functional-medicine-labs
  23. Khakham, C. (2023, May 11). Exploring Integrative Medicine Strategies for Optimal Heart Health: The Role of Specialty Lab Testing and Stress Reduction Techniques. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/exploring-integrative-medicine-strategies-for-optimal-heart-health-the-role-of-specialty-lab-testing-and-stress-reduction-techniques
  24. Maholy, N. (2023, March 15). How Processed Sugar Affects Our Health. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/how-processed-sugar-affects-our-health
  25. Mayo Clinic Staff. (2020, September 29). Triglycerides: Why do they Matter? Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/in-depth/triglycerides/art-20048186
  26. Neibling, K. (2023, May 1). The Importance of Sleep for Cardiovascular Health. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/the-importance-of-sleep-for-cardiovascular-health
  27. Novotny, K., Fritz, K., & Parmar, M. (2021). Omega-3 Fatty Acids. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564314/
  28. Omega-3 Fatty Acids - Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. (2017). NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/
  29. ORIGIN Trial Investigators. (2012). n–3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Dysglycemia. New England Journal of Medicine, 367(4), 309–318. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1203859
  30. Pickering, R. J. (2021). Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Cardiovascular Diseases. Antioxidants, 10(2), 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10020171
  31. Preston, J. (2022, November 10). What's The Difference Between Good And Bad Dietary Fat? Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/dietary-fat-the-good-the-bad-and-the-misunderstood
  32. Prevent Heart Disease. (2023). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/prevention.htm
  33. Wong, K. W. (2005). Clinical efficacy of n-3 fatty acid supplementation in patients with asthma. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 105(1), 98–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2004.10.009
  34. Yoshimura, H. (2023, October 23). Are Supplements Really Necessary?: Pros, Cons, and How Testing Can Help. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/are-supplements-really-necessary-pros-cons-and-how-testing-can-help
  35. Zaremba, K. (2019, October 8). Top Omega-3 Fatty Acid Foods and Their Benefits. Fullscript. https://fullscript.com/blog/fatty-acid-foods
Order from 30+ labs in 20 seconds (DUTCH, Mosaic, Genova & More!)
We make ordering quick and painless β€” and best of all, it's free for practitioners.

Latest Articles

View more on Cardiology
Subscribe to the magazine for expert-written articles straight to your inbox
Join the thousands of savvy readers who get root cause medicine articles written by doctors in their inbox every week!
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Are you a healthcare practitioner?
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Subscribe to the Magazine for free to keep reading!
Subscribe for free to keep reading, If you are already subscribed, enter your email address to log back in.
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Are you a healthcare practitioner?
Thanks for subscribing!
Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form.
Trusted Source
Rupa Health
Medical Education Platform
Visit Source
Visit Source
American Cancer Society
Foundation for Cancer Research
Visit Source
Visit Source
National Library of Medicine
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
Journal of The American College of Radiology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
National Cancer Institute
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
World Health Organization (WHO)
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of Pediatrics
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
CDC
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
Office of Dietary Supplements
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
National Heart Lung and Blood Institute
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
National Institutes of Health
Government Authority
Visit Source
Visit Source
Clinical Infectious Diseases
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Brain
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of Rheumatology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Journal of the National Cancer Institute (JNCI)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Hepatology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Kidney International
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Annals of Surgery
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Chest
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Blood
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Gastroenterology
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The American Journal of Psychiatry
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Diabetes Care
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Journal of Clinical Oncology (JCO)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Journal of Clinical Investigation (JCI)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Circulation
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
JAMA Internal Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
PLOS Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Annals of Internal Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Nature Medicine
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The BMJ (British Medical Journal)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
The Lancet
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Pubmed
Comprehensive biomedical database
Visit Source
Visit Source
Harvard
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
Visit Source
Cleveland Clinic
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
Visit Source
Mayo Clinic
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
Visit Source
The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM)
Peer Reviewed Journal
Visit Source
Visit Source
Johns Hopkins
Educational/Medical Institution
Visit Source
Visit Source

Hey practitioners! πŸ‘‹ Join Dr. Chris Magryta and Dr. Erik Lundquist for a comprehensive 6-week course on evaluating functional medicine labs from two perspectives: adult and pediatric. In this course, you’ll explore the convergence of lab results across different diseases and age groups, understanding how human lab values vary on a continuum influenced by age, genetics, and time. Register Here! Register Here.

Hey practitioners! πŸ‘‹ Join Dr. Terry Wahls for a 3-week bootcamp on integrating functional medicine into conventional practice, focusing on complex cases like Multiple Sclerosis. Learn to analyze labs through a functional lens, perform nutrition-focused physical exams, and develop personalized care strategies. Register Here.