Canker sores, medically known as aphthous ulcers or aphthous stomatitis, are a common oral health concern that affects approximately 20% of the general population. While these painful lesions typically heal on their own within a couple of weeks, some individuals may experience recurrent or severe canker sores, which can significantly impact their quality of life. In this article, we will explore a functional medicine approach to diagnosing and treating canker sores, focusing on understanding their causes, the laboratory tests that functional medicine doctors commonly order, and integrative therapies that can be employed to alleviate symptoms and prevent recurrences.
[signup]
What Are Canker Sores?
Canker sores are small, round or oval-shaped ulcers that develop on the inside of the mouth, on the inner lips, cheeks, tongue, and sometimes even in the throat. They are characterized by their white or yellowish centers, surrounded by a red border, and are often painful or uncomfortable. They can vary in size, ranging from less than one millimeter to one inch in diameter. Unlike cold sores, which are caused by the herpes simplex virus and appear on the outside of the lips, canker sores are not contagious. (3)
Canker sores can be broadly classified into three categories. Minor aphthous stomatitis, the most common type affecting more than 80% of canker sore sufferers, is characterized by sores less than one centimeter in diameter that heal within two weeks without scarring. Major aphthous stomatitis affects approximately 15% of people with canker sores. It presents with larger, deeper, and more painful ulcers, often 2-3 centimeters in diameter. They may have irregular, raised borders and can take months to heal, leaving scarring after the sore resolves. The least common form of ulcer is herpetiform recurrent aphthous stomatitis, which tends to occur as clusters of very small, painful lesions ranging from 1-2 millimeters in diameter that heal in just over one week. (2, 17)
What Are the Possible Causes of Canker Sores?
Anyone can develop canker sores, but they're most common in people assigned female at birth during adolescence and early adulthood (second and third decades of life). Ulcerations result from immune dysfunction and destruction of the oral mucosal epithelium. (17)
Minor oral trauma/injury, such as accidentally biting the inside of the cheek, aggressive tooth brushing, or dental work, can initiate the formation of canker sores (1). Emotional stress is also associated with the condition. A 2013 randomized control trial including 160 participants concluded that mental stressors are more strongly associated with oral ulcers than physical ones.
Dietary factors can play a role in developing aphthous stomatitis through various mechanisms. Acidic, spicy, and salty foods can irritate the oral mucosa lining, causing ulceration (3). Immune-mediated sensitivities and allergies have also been implicated, including those to sodium lauryl sulfate in oral hygiene products, cinnamon, cheese, chocolate, citrus, coffee, eggs, figs, nuts, pineapple, and strawberries (1, 17). Nutritional deficiencies, particularly in vitamin B12, iron, folate, and zinc, have also been linked to recurrent canker sores (10).
Menstruation gingivitis can occur in some women due to hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle. Symptoms include red swollen gums, bleeding gums, swollen salivary glands, and canker sores that appear 1-2 days before a period and resolve shortly after the period has started.
There is likely also a genetic component that predisposes certain individuals to developing canker sores. One study suggested that certain genetic polymorphisms of the IL-10 gene alter cytokine production and are linked to recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). Additionally, more than 42% of patients with RAS have at least one first-degree relative with RAS, further supporting a genetic etiology.
Mouth ulcers may be an early sign of autoimmune disease. A large, nationwide population-based cohort study sought to estimate the risk of developing autoimmune disease in patients diagnosed with RAS. They concluded that patients with RAS had an increased risk of developing Behcet's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), ankylosing spondylitis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Canker sores are also a common symptom of celiac disease and Crohn's disease.
Functional Medicine Labs to Test for Root Cause of Canker Sores
Functional medicine approaches healthcare with a focus on identifying the underlying causes of health issues rather than merely treating symptoms. When diagnosing and managing canker sores, functional medicine doctors often employ a range of laboratory tests to investigate potential triggers and contributors.
Micronutrients
Assessing levels of essential nutrients helps identify deficiencies that contribute to canker sores. Standard blood tests for nutrient deficiencies associated with canker sores include ferritin, serum vitamin B12 and folate, and RBC zinc.
Food Sensitivities & Allergies
Identifying specific food sensitivities or allergies can be crucial, as dietary factors can play a significant role in canker sore development. Some people may opt to initiate an elimination-rechallenge diet, which involves removing suspected trigger foods from the diet for a period before reintroducing them to identify reactions. Testing can take out the guessing work in identifying food allergies and sensitivities and help to customize therapeutic diets. These tests measure IgE, IgA, and IgG antibodies in the blood, which indicate an abnormal immune response to food proteins.
Hormones
The Rhythm Plus panel by Genova Diagnostics is an example of a functional salivary test that measures sex and stress hormones over 28 days. This type of test better evaluates hormonal fluctuations throughout a menstrual cycle to identify imbalances that can easily be missed on a single blood test.
Immune Function
For those with suspected autoimmune conditions, ordering an autoimmune panel is the first step in diagnosis to detect relevant immune proteins associated with the diseases. Inflammatory markers CRP and ESR are also commonly elevated in active autoimmune disease and can provide insights into the inflammatory processes that may be linked to canker sores.
Additional Labs to Test
Changes in the oral microbiota have been proven to increase the occurrence of oral ulcers. A functional dentist will commonly test the oral microbiome to detect dysbiosis contributing to immunological dysfunction and recurrent ulcer formation.
[signup]
Conventional Treatment for Canker Sores
While canker sores typically resolve on their own within a week or two, treatment options exist to help manage symptoms and expedite the healing process. Conventional treatment options for canker sores can be divided into four categories: antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, and symptomatic. Topical and systemic tetracycline and minocycline antibiotic treatments are empirically used based on the belief that there is a yet-to-be-discovered infectious agent responsible for causing canker sores. Local anti-inflammatory agents like triamcinolone can speed healing and relieve symptoms. Immunomodulators have been investigated to manage severe aphthous ulcers in patients with HIV. Other agents, including topical lidocaine or oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, can manage pain. (12)
An Integrative Medicine Approach to Treating Canker Sores
Once the potential underlying causes have been identified through functional medicine diagnostics, an integrative approach to treatment can be employed. This approach combines conventional medical care with complementary therapies to address the root causes of canker sores and relieve symptoms.
Nutritional Recommendations to Treat Canker Sores
Overall, the quality of evidence supporting dietary therapies in treating canker sores varies, and the effectiveness of nutritional interventions can be somewhat inconclusive. One study that included 754 Chinese participants aged 18-59 years concluded that eating a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and dairy and drinking adequate amounts of water were protective against RAS.
Understanding that adverse food reactions can cause canker sores, implementing an elimination diet may help reduce the frequency and severity of ulcer outbreaks. This would be particularly important for individuals diagnosed with celiac disease who require a strict, lifelong gluten-free diet for disease remission.
In cases of nutrient deficiencies, supplementation with certain vitamins and minerals, in addition to incorporating specific foods into the diet, may be recommended by a healthcare provider to correct the deficiency.
Herbs and Supplements for Treating Canker Sores
Limited scientific evidence exists to support the use of natural remedies in treating aphthous ulcers; however, several agents have been used historically and reported anecdotally to provide local relief and speed up the healing time of ulcers.
A small study explored the potential use of zinc sulfate in treating or preventing recurrent oral ulcers. Serum zinc levels were measured in 32 patients with recurrent ulcers, and those with low levels (below 110 micrograms/dL) were given zinc sulfate supplementation (up to 660 mg/day). Patients with low initial zinc levels showed improvement with the intervention. Some, but not all, patients with normal zinc levels also experienced improvement. Patients who experienced improvements noted a reduction of ulcer outbreaks by 50-100%. (13)
Studies reveal that vitamin B12, folate, and iron deficiencies occur in 20% of patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers. One study showed that of patients with a diagnosed nutritional deficiency, 59% experienced complete remission of ulcers, and 28% experienced improvement of symptoms when given appropriate supplementation.
Anti-inflammatory and healing herbs that have the potential to be effective in treating ulcers and supporting the integrity of the oral mucosa include licorice, chamomile, and aloe vera (18).
Complementary Therapies for Canker Sores
Given the strong relationship between psychoemotional stress and RAS, it can be assumed that implementing stress-management therapies can help. Stress reduction techniques such as mindfulness meditation, yoga, and deep breathing exercises can effectively help to manage stress.
Improving oral hygiene practices and addressing dental issues can help prevent oral trauma and reduce the risk of canker sore development. Brush your teeth gently twice daily, using a soft brush and foaming-agent-free toothpaste, and floss once daily. (1, 3)
[signup]
Summary
Canker sores can be a persistent and painful oral health issue for some individuals. A functional medicine approach to diagnosing and treating canker sores focuses on identifying and addressing the underlying causes rather than simply managing symptoms. By employing diagnostic laboratory tests, including nutritional, hormonal, and gut health assessments, functional medicine doctors can uncover the factors contributing to canker sores. Integrative therapies, such as dietary modifications, stress management, and oral care, can then be tailored to each individual to relieve symptoms and reduce the frequency of recurrences.
Canker sores, medically known as aphthous ulcers or aphthous stomatitis, are a common oral health concern that affects approximately 20% of the general population. While these painful lesions typically heal on their own within a couple of weeks, some individuals may experience recurrent or severe canker sores, which can significantly impact their quality of life. In this article, we will explore a functional medicine approach to understanding canker sores, focusing on their potential causes, the laboratory tests that functional medicine doctors commonly order, and integrative therapies that may help alleviate symptoms and support oral health.
[signup]
What Are Canker Sores?
Canker sores are small, round or oval-shaped ulcers that develop on the inside of the mouth, on the inner lips, cheeks, tongue, and sometimes even in the throat. They are characterized by their white or yellowish centers, surrounded by a red border, and are often painful or uncomfortable. They can vary in size, ranging from less than one millimeter to one inch in diameter. Unlike cold sores, which are caused by the herpes simplex virus and appear on the outside of the lips, canker sores are not contagious. (3)
Canker sores can be broadly classified into three categories. Minor aphthous stomatitis, the most common type affecting more than 80% of canker sore sufferers, is characterized by sores less than one centimeter in diameter that heal within two weeks without scarring. Major aphthous stomatitis affects approximately 15% of people with canker sores. It presents with larger, deeper, and more painful ulcers, often 2-3 centimeters in diameter. They may have irregular, raised borders and can take months to heal, leaving scarring after the sore resolves. The least common form of ulcer is herpetiform recurrent aphthous stomatitis, which tends to occur as clusters of very small, painful lesions ranging from 1-2 millimeters in diameter that heal in just over one week. (2, 17)
What Are the Possible Causes of Canker Sores?
Anyone can develop canker sores, but they're most common in people assigned female at birth during adolescence and early adulthood (second and third decades of life). Ulcerations result from immune dysfunction and destruction of the oral mucosal epithelium. (17)
Minor oral trauma/injury, such as accidentally biting the inside of the cheek, aggressive tooth brushing, or dental work, can initiate the formation of canker sores (1). Emotional stress is also associated with the condition. A 2013 randomized control trial including 160 participants concluded that mental stressors are more strongly associated with oral ulcers than physical ones.
Dietary factors can play a role in developing aphthous stomatitis through various mechanisms. Acidic, spicy, and salty foods can irritate the oral mucosa lining, causing ulceration (3). Immune-mediated sensitivities and allergies have also been implicated, including those to sodium lauryl sulfate in oral hygiene products, cinnamon, cheese, chocolate, citrus, coffee, eggs, figs, nuts, pineapple, and strawberries (1, 17). Nutritional deficiencies, particularly in vitamin B12, iron, folate, and zinc, have also been linked to recurrent canker sores (10).
Menstruation gingivitis can occur in some women due to hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle. Symptoms include red swollen gums, bleeding gums, swollen salivary glands, and canker sores that appear 1-2 days before a period and resolve shortly after the period has started.
There is likely also a genetic component that predisposes certain individuals to developing canker sores. One study suggested that certain genetic polymorphisms of the IL-10 gene alter cytokine production and are linked to recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). Additionally, more than 42% of patients with RAS have at least one first-degree relative with RAS, further supporting a genetic etiology.
Mouth ulcers may be an early sign of autoimmune disease. A large, nationwide population-based cohort study sought to estimate the risk of developing autoimmune disease in patients diagnosed with RAS. They concluded that patients with RAS had an increased risk of developing Behcet's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), ankylosing spondylitis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Canker sores are also a common symptom of celiac disease and Crohn's disease.
Functional Medicine Labs to Explore Potential Triggers of Canker Sores
Functional medicine approaches healthcare with a focus on identifying the underlying factors that may contribute to health issues rather than merely addressing symptoms. When exploring canker sores, functional medicine doctors often employ a range of laboratory tests to investigate potential triggers and contributors.
Micronutrients
Assessing levels of essential nutrients helps identify deficiencies that may contribute to canker sores. Standard blood tests for nutrient deficiencies associated with canker sores include ferritin, serum vitamin B12 and folate, and RBC zinc.
Food Sensitivities & Allergies
Identifying specific food sensitivities or allergies can be crucial, as dietary factors can play a significant role in canker sore development. Some people may opt to initiate an elimination-rechallenge diet, which involves removing suspected trigger foods from the diet for a period before reintroducing them to identify reactions. Testing can take out the guessing work in identifying food allergies and sensitivities and help to customize dietary choices. These tests measure IgE, IgA, and IgG antibodies in the blood, which indicate an abnormal immune response to food proteins.
Hormones
The Rhythm Plus panel by Genova Diagnostics is an example of a functional salivary test that measures sex and stress hormones over 28 days. This type of test better evaluates hormonal fluctuations throughout a menstrual cycle to identify imbalances that can easily be missed on a single blood test.
Immune Function
For those with suspected autoimmune conditions, ordering an autoimmune panel is the first step in exploring potential immune-related factors. Inflammatory markers CRP and ESR are also commonly elevated in active autoimmune conditions and can provide insights into the inflammatory processes that may be linked to canker sores.
Additional Labs to Consider
Changes in the oral microbiota have been associated with an increased occurrence of oral ulcers. A functional dentist may test the oral microbiome to detect imbalances that could contribute to immune responses and recurrent ulcer formation.
[signup]
Conventional Approaches for Canker Sores
While canker sores typically resolve on their own within a week or two, options exist to help manage symptoms and support the healing process. Conventional approaches for canker sores can be divided into four categories: antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, and symptomatic. Topical and systemic tetracycline and minocycline antibiotic treatments are sometimes used based on the belief that there may be an infectious component. Local anti-inflammatory agents like triamcinolone can support healing and relieve symptoms. Immunomodulators have been investigated to manage severe aphthous ulcers in patients with HIV. Other agents, including topical lidocaine or oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, can help manage discomfort. (12)
An Integrative Medicine Approach to Supporting Oral Health
Once potential underlying factors have been identified through functional medicine diagnostics, an integrative approach can be employed. This approach combines conventional medical care with complementary therapies to address the factors contributing to canker sores and support oral health.
Nutritional Considerations for Oral Health
Overall, the quality of evidence supporting dietary therapies in managing canker sores varies, and the effectiveness of nutritional interventions can be somewhat inconclusive. One study that included 754 Chinese participants aged 18-59 years concluded that eating a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and dairy and drinking adequate amounts of water were associated with a lower occurrence of RAS.
Understanding that adverse food reactions can be linked to canker sores, implementing an elimination diet may help reduce the frequency and severity of ulcer outbreaks. This would be particularly important for individuals diagnosed with celiac disease who require a strict, lifelong gluten-free diet for disease management.
In cases of nutrient deficiencies, supplementation with certain vitamins and minerals, in addition to incorporating specific foods into the diet, may be suggested by a healthcare provider to address the deficiency.
Herbs and Supplements for Supporting Oral Health
Limited scientific evidence exists to support the use of natural remedies in managing aphthous ulcers; however, several agents have been used historically and reported anecdotally to provide local relief and support the healing time of ulcers.
A small study explored the potential use of zinc sulfate in supporting oral health. Serum zinc levels were measured in 32 patients with recurrent ulcers, and those with low levels (below 110 micrograms/dL) were given zinc sulfate supplementation (up to 660 mg/day). Patients with low initial zinc levels showed improvement with the intervention. Some, but not all, patients with normal zinc levels also experienced improvement. Patients who experienced improvements noted a reduction of ulcer outbreaks by 50-100%. (13)
Studies reveal that vitamin B12, folate, and iron deficiencies occur in 20% of patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers. One study showed that of patients with a diagnosed nutritional deficiency, 59% experienced complete remission of ulcers, and 28% experienced improvement of symptoms when given appropriate supplementation.
Anti-inflammatory and healing herbs that have the potential to be effective in supporting oral health include licorice, chamomile, and aloe vera (18).
Complementary Therapies for Oral Health
Given the strong relationship between psychoemotional stress and RAS, it can be assumed that implementing stress-management therapies can help. Stress reduction techniques such as mindfulness meditation, yoga, and deep breathing exercises can effectively help to manage stress.
Improving oral hygiene practices and addressing dental issues can help prevent oral trauma and reduce the risk of canker sore development. Brush your teeth gently twice daily, using a soft brush and foaming-agent-free toothpaste, and floss once daily. (1, 3)
[signup]
Summary
Canker sores can be a persistent and painful oral health issue for some individuals. A functional medicine approach to understanding and managing canker sores focuses on identifying and addressing the underlying factors rather than simply managing symptoms. By employing diagnostic laboratory tests, including nutritional, hormonal, and gut health assessments, functional medicine doctors can explore the factors contributing to canker sores. Integrative therapies, such as dietary modifications, stress management, and oral care, can then be tailored to each individual to support oral health and reduce the frequency of recurrences.
1. Canker sore. (2018). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/canker-sore/symptoms-causes/syc-20370615
2. Canker Sores. (2007, December 31). American Academy of Oral Medicine. https://www.aaom.com/index.php%3Foption=com_content&view=article&id=82:canker-sores&catid=22:patient-condition-information&Itemid=120
3. Canker Sores. (2022, June 9). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10945-canker-sores
4. Chen, H., Sui, Q., Chen, Y., et al. (2015). Impact of haematologic deficiencies on recurrent aphthous ulceration: a meta-analysis. British Dental Journal, 218(4), E8–E8. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2015.100
5. Cloyd, J. (2023, May 26). A Functional Medicine Crohn's Disease Protocol: Specialty Testing, Nutrition, and Supplements. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-crohns-disease-protocol-specialty-testing-nutrition-and-supplements
6. Cloyd, J. (2023, August 25). A Root Cause Medicine Protocol For Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: Testing, Therapeutic Diet, and Supportive Supplements. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-root-cause-medicine-protocol-for-patients-with-rheumatoid-arthritis-testing-therapeutic-diet-and-supportive-supplements
7. Halboub, E., Al-Maweri, S. A., Parveen, S., et al. (2021). Zinc supplementation for prevention and management of recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a systematic review. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 68, 126811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126811
8. Hormones and Oral Health. (2018, June 25). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/11192-hormones-and-oral-health
9. Keenan, A. V., & Spivakovksy, S. (2013). Stress associated with onset of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Evidence-Based Dentistry, 14(1), 25–25. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ebd.6400919
10. Kozlak, S. T., Walsh, S. J., & Lalla, R. V. (2010). Reduced dietary intake of vitamin B12 and folate in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine, 39(5). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.2009.00867.x
11. Lee, Y. C., Jeong, S. J., Eun, Y., et al. (2020). Risk of autoimmune diseases in recurrent aphthous ulcer patients: A nationwide population study. Oral Diseases, 27(6). https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13659
12. Mcbride, D. R. (2000). Management of Aphthous Ulcers. American Family Physician, 62(1), 149–154. https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/0701/p149.html
13. Merchant, H. W., Gangarosa, L. P., Glassman, A. B., et al. (1977). Zinc Sulfate Supplementation for Treatment of Recurring Oral Ulcers. Southern Medical Journal, 70(5), 559–561. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007611-197705000-00016
14. Min, Z., Yang, L., Hu, Y., et al. (2023). Oral microbiota dysbiosis accelerates the development and onset of mucositis and oral ulcers. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, 1061032. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1061032
15. Murray, M. T. (2020). Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice). Textbook of Natural Medicine, 641-647.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-43044-9.00085-6
16. Najafi, S., Firooze Moqadam, I. F., Mohammadzadeh, M., et al. (2014). Interleukin-10 gene polymorphisms in recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Immunological Investigations, 43(4), 405–409. https://doi.org/10.3109/08820139.2014.880119
17. Plewa, M. C., & Chatterjee, K. (2021). Aphthous Stomatitis. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431059/
18. Sissons, C. (2019, December 10). Nine ways to treat canker sores. Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320015
19. Stress. (2020, January). National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/stress
20. Sumathi, K., Shanthi, B., Subha, P. M., et al. (2014). Significance of Ferritin in Recurrent Oral Ulceration. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR, 8(3), 14–15. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2014/7472.4091
21. Wardhana, & Datau, E. A. (2010). Recurrent aphthous stomatitis caused by food allergy. Acta Medica Indonesiana, 42(4), 236–240. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21063045/
22. Weinberg, J. L. (2022, February 28). An Integrative Medicine Approach to Celiac Disease. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-approach-to-celiac-disease
23. Weinberg, J. L. (2022, March 18). Fatigue, Weight Gain, Depression, And Brain Fog Are Common Signs Of This Autoimmune Disease. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-approach-to-hashimotos-disease
24. Weinberg, J. L. (2023, January 24). Functional Medicine Treatment for Graves' Disease. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/functional-medicine-treatment-for-graves-disease
25. Whitman, S. (2023, February 24). What is Functional Dentistry. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-approach-to-dentistry
26. Wray, D., Ferguson, M. M., Hutcheon, A., et al. (1978). Nutritional deficiencies in recurrent aphthae. J Oral Pathol, 7(6), 418–423. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.1978.tb01612.x
27. Xu, K., Zhou, C., Huang, F., et al. (2021). Relationship between dietary factors and recurrent aphthous stomatitis in China: a cross-sectional study. Journal of International Medical Research, 49(5), 030006052110177. https://doi.org/10.1177/03000605211017724
28. Yoshimura, H. (2023, May 8). A Functional Medicine Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Protocol: Testing, Diagnosing, and Treatment. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-functional-medicine-systemic-lupus-erythematosus-sle-protocol-testing-diagnosing-and-treatment
29. Yoshimura, H. (2023, June 2). Integrative Dermatological Treatments for Cold Sores. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/integrative-dermatological-treatments-for-cold-sores
30. Yoshimura, H. (2023, July 10). A Comprehensive Review Integrative Approaches to the Management of Ankylosing Spondylitis. Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/a-comprehensive-review-integrative-approaches-to-the-management-of-ankylosing-spondylitis
%201.svg){kind=logo}
