During a woman's reproductive years, having a regular period is often considered a sign of her overall health and well-being. Missing your period during these years could be due to various reasons such as pregnancy, breastfeeding, menopause, or other health concerns. Missing your period is medically referred to as amenorrhea and, in the absence of pregnancy, it may be helpful to consult a healthcare provider to explore potential causes.
In this article, we will explore the different types of amenorrhea, potential causes, functional laboratory testing to uncover underlying factors, as well as various conventional and functional medicine approaches that may support health.
What is Amenorrhea?
During reproductive years, a woman typically experiences her menstrual period approximately every 28 days, which is the length of her menstrual cycle. A series of hormone changes occur every month to prepare the body for a potential pregnancy. If pregnancy doesn't happen, a shedding of the uterine lining occurs during the menstrual period.
Amenorrhea is the absence of menstrual periods in women of reproductive age. Amenorrhea is not a disease, and there are certain times during a woman's reproductive years when amenorrhea is actually normal, including during pregnancy, postpartum, or while breastfeeding. Amenorrhea can be classified as either primary or secondary.
Primary amenorrhea is when menstruation has not yet occurred in a female by age 15, despite normal growth and development of secondary sexual characteristics like breast development and pubic hair growth.
Secondary amenorrhea is when a woman who previously had regular menstrual cycles stops having periods for three or more months or six months or more in women who previously had irregular periods.
What Causes Amenorrhea?
Reproduction is an energetically demanding process, and when the body is under significant stress, certain defense mechanisms may de-prioritize reproduction. Stressors such as eating disorders, weight loss, excessive exercise, or severe physical or psychological stress may influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis, which is the communication network of hormones between these endocrine glands that regulate the reproductive process. This influence can lead to primary or secondary amenorrhea and is sometimes referred to as Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea (FHA). Common factors for FHA may include psychological stress, excessive exercise, and nutritional deficits, such as burning more energy than you take in.
Other factors which may increase the risk for amenorrhea include a family history of amenorrhea or early menopause, as well as genetic changes.
Various factors, including abnormal pelvic anatomy, chromosomal abnormalities, and issues with the hypothalamus or pituitary gland can contribute to primary amenorrhea.
It's normal for a woman not to experience a menstrual period during pregnancy. This is the most common cause of secondary amenorrhea. Additional causes of normal secondary amenorrhea include breastfeeding and menopause.
However, secondary amenorrhea can also be associated with other factors, which may include:
- Certain birth control methods (Depo Provera, intrauterine devices (IUDs), and some birth control pills)
- Certain medications (antipsychotics, antidepressants, blood pressure, and allergy meds)
- Cancer treatments (chemotherapy and radiation)
- Uterine surgeries that cause scarring, or removal of the ovaries or uterus
- Primary ovarian insufficiency (experiencing menopause before the age of 40)
- Pituitary disorders (tumors or increased prolactin production)
- Obesity
- Inadequate nutrition (including nutritional deficiencies or relative energy deficiency in sports (RED-S))
- Hormonal imbalances (such as Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS), hypothyroidism, and adrenal disorders)
- Ovarian tumors
- Chronic illness
Functional Medicine Labs to Explore Potential Causes of Amenorrhea
The first step in assessing for a potential cause of amenorrhea is a pregnancy test since it's the most common cause of secondary amenorrhea. A physical examination and pelvic exam can help identify scar tissue or tumors and indicate whether additional imaging may be necessary to evaluate these possibilities further.
Your Functional Medicine practitioner may also suggest various functional laboratory tests to explore potential underlying factors of your amenorrhea.
Micronutrients
A Micronutrients Test can help identify whether any nutritional deficiencies may be contributing to your amenorrhea. This particular test from SpectraCell Laboratories is comprehensive. It measures 40 different vitamins and minerals, amino acids (the building blocks for protein), and fatty acids (including omega-3 fats which are important for hormone health), providing an excellent look into your nutritional status.
Female Hormones
The DUTCH Plus™ test provides helpful information about sex hormones to explore whether your amenorrhea may be associated with hormone signaling between your brain and your ovaries or the HPO axis. This test also measures androgen hormones, which can indicate whether PCOS may be a factor.
Analysis of prolactin levels can help determine whether there are issues with your pituitary gland that may be contributing to your amenorrhea.
Adrenal Hormones
The DUTCH Plus™ test mentioned for female hormone testing also evaluates adrenal hormones, which can be a helpful way to identify whether issues with the body's stress hormones or the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are contributing factors.
Thyroid Hormones
Testing thyroid hormones is important in evaluating amenorrhea because abnormal thyroid hormone levels can play a role in the potential causes of amenorrhea, and may also impact prolactin levels.
Blood Workup
A comprehensive blood workup, including CBC, CMP, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), insulin, and iron panel, helps assess overall health and explore underlying health conditions (such as PCOS or chronic illnesses) that could be contributing to amenorrhea.
Conventional Approaches for Amenorrhea
Sometimes, a combination of conventional approaches and functional medicine support may be helpful in addressing your health journey. Conventional approaches may include:
- Surgery to address anatomical abnormalities, scar tissue, or tumors
- Hormone therapy, including birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to support menstruation
- Thyroid hormones to address thyroid conditions
Functional Medicine Approaches for Amenorrhea
A Functional Medicine approach for amenorrhea involves a targeted and unique plan based on your history, examination, and functional laboratory testing to explore potential causes. A well-rounded approach may include healthy lifestyle practices, supplements, and other therapies to support hormone health.
Lifestyle Considerations for Amenorrhea
As with most aspects of life, balance is key. Finding a balanced approach to exercise and physical activity to support a healthy return of your period depends on your specific situation. Those with obesity and PCOS may benefit from various types of regular physical exercise, including aerobic, strength training, and yoga. Those with inadequate nutritional support, excessive exercise regimens, or having a root cause associated with FHA may benefit from decreasing physical activity or taking a more balanced approach to their movement practices to support better hormone health.
If psychological stress or eating disorders are a factor in your amenorrhea, talk therapy can be a valuable tool to support your health journey. If you're experiencing FHA, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a type of talk therapy you may find helpful.
Prioritizing sleep and engaging in other forms of stress management, such as yoga and meditation, are also beneficial ways to support your path to better health as they have been shown to influence stress hormones and inflammation. Engaging in activities that stimulate the Vagus nerve, a cranial nerve important in the body's resilience, is another way to encourage the body's relaxation response when stress is a factor.
Nutrition for Amenorrhea
A balanced nutritional approach for supporting a healthy menstrual cycle considers the contributing factors. If excessive exercise, inadequate caloric intake, and nutritional deficiencies are factors, a balanced nutritional approach would focus on adequate protein and healthy fat intake and a diet high in vitamins, minerals, and phytonutrients to meet your body's energy and nutrient demands.
If obesity, PCOS, or other metabolic imbalances are a factor, a balanced nutritional approach would include a focus on low-glycemic foods and a diet known to benefit healthy blood sugar balance, such as the Mediterranean Diet.
A balanced approach to nutrition also factors in the results of a micronutrient test to ensure you focus on foods high in the nutrients you are showing deficiencies or insufficiencies.
If your micronutrient test uncovers any deficiencies or insufficiencies, your Functional Medicine practitioner may suggest foods that are high in those micronutrients to ensure you have a well-rounded nutrition plan to support your best health.
Supplements for Amenorrhea
Your Functional Laboratory tests may indicate which specific vitamins, minerals, or herbal supplements could be supportive of your hormone health.
Various herbal supplements are suggested to be beneficial for the different hormone imbalances that can be associated with amenorrhea. Ashwagandha is an herb that may support both thyroid and adrenal hormone balance, supporting the HPA axis and better sleep and resilience. Chasteberry may be helpful for PCOS and supporting balance in female hormones, and fennel tea has been suggested to support menstrual health in women with amenorrhea.
Summary
Your menstrual cycle can be a valuable indicator of your hormone health and overall well-being. Missing a menstrual period can signal a normal reason for amenorrhea, such as pregnancy, breastfeeding, or menopause. But, it can also be an important indicator of imbalance and dysfunction in the body.
If you have regular cycles and miss a period for more than three months, or if you have irregular periods and miss a period for six months, it may be helpful to seek the care of a Functional Medicine practitioner to explore why you've stopped menstruating normally.
A Functional Medicine approach to supporting menstruation and overall health may include a combination of conventional and functional medicine strategies. A personalized, well-rounded plan will incorporate a balanced approach to exercise and nutrition and ensure stress management is appropriately addressed to support your best health.
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